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PE > Socio-cultural Influences > Flashcards

Socio-cultural Influences Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 social groups that affect engagement patterns?

A

Gender
Age
Race/Religion/Culture
Family/Friends/Peers
Disability

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2
Q

What are the barriers for females participating in sports?

A

Sexism/stereotypes
Media coverage
Role models
Accessibility to clubs
Familiarity
Attitudes

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3
Q

How does gender affect participation?

A

Men’s sports dominate the media, contributes to fewer opportunities and less funding for women and fewer female role models
Gender tagging (sports associated with either men or women)
e.g. netball considered a feminine sport, boxing masculine sport. Can influence persons decision to participate in sport

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4
Q

What stereotypical views has women’s participation been affected by?

A

Women lack strength/endurance
Competitive women aren’t feminine
Women who train hard and develop muscles become more ‘male-like’ and have sexual orientation questioned

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5
Q

How does age affect participation?

A

A club may not provide for all age groups affecting what sport’s an individual will take up.
Age can affect ability to participate
e.g. weight lifting can be damaging to children
physical sports like rugby can be too demanding for elderly

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6
Q

How does race/religion/culture affect participation?

A

Some religions have strict guidelines affecting decisions to participate
e.g. some christians may not play sports on Sunday
Taking up a sport may be influenced by ethnic background
e.g. cricket is very popular among asian countries
Lack of role models
Racism

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7
Q

How do family affect participation?

A

Relatives may encourage you to take part in a sport and offer financial and emotional support. Can be introduced from an early age
Family commitments can affect available leisure time
Family members can be seen as role models

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8
Q

How do friends/peers affect participation?

A

Can influence what sport you take up. Peer pressure can lead you to an activity and is easier than going alone to a club

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9
Q

How can disability affect participation?

A

often stereotyped as being unable to take part in physical activity
Paralympics helped raise the profile of disabled sports

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10
Q

How have sports been adapted to disabilities?

A

wheelchair basketball
sitting volleyball
blind football

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11
Q

What are the three main categories of disabilitiy?

A

Mobility impairment - limits use of a body part
Sensory impairment - visual/audio/kinaesthetic
Mental impairment - neurological, cerebral issues

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12
Q

What are the factors influencing participation?

A

Attitudes
Role models
Accessibility
Media coverage
Sexism/stereotyping
Culture/religion/religious festivals
Family commitments
Available leisure time
Familiarity
Education
Disposable income
Adaptability/inclusiveness

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13
Q

What is Post Drop school drop-out?

A

the reduction in participation levels in young adults after they leave school

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14
Q

What is a barrier to participation?

A

an obstacle that prevents a group within a society from participating in sport or physical activity and therefore reduces overall levels of participation

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15
Q

What is a social group?

A

People who interact with one another, share similar characteristics, and have a sense of unity

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16
Q

What is commercialisation?

A

the process by which a new product or service is introduced into the general market

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17
Q

What is the golden triangle?

A

the financial relationship between sport, sponsorship and media

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18
Q

How is sport and sponsorship linked?

A

Sports teams use money from sponsors to invest in facilities, players, coaches.
Companies sponsor teams, events and performers to promote their products to a wider audience

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19
Q

What are the types of sponsorship?

A

finance
equipment
facilities

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20
Q

How are sports and media linked?

A

Sports teams profit financially and benefit from increased awareness and exposure
Media pays for rights to broadcast sporting events
Media coverage can inspire people to participate in sport

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21
Q

How are sponsorship and media linked?

A

Media, which includes television, radio, internet and press, provide sponsors with a wider audience to promote their product or service
Can result in greater sponsorship for sports

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22
Q

What are the effects of commercialisation on performers?

A

+ increased income
+ better equipment & facilities
- loss of privacy & free time
- increased pressure to win

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23
Q

What are the effects of commercialisation on sports?

A

+ increased awareness
+ increased media coverage
- less funding for minority sports
- media can influence scheduling

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24
Q

What are the effects of commercialisation on officials?

A

+ income and opportunities to travel
- more scrutiny and negative publicity if officials make poor decisions

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25
Q

What are the effects of commercialisation on spectators?

A

+ more coverage
+ better equipment & facilities
- higher costs of attending events and merchandise

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26
Q

What are the effects of commercialisation on sponsors?

A

+ increased awareness and sales
- negative publicity if sponsored players or teams cheat, misbehave or perform badly

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27
Q

What is Hawkeye?

A

optical ball tracking device used as an aid to officiating in tennis and cricket

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28
Q

What is Television Match Official (TMO)?

A

used in rugby union and rugby league to make decisions using replays of incidents

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29
Q

What are the effects of technology on performers?

A

+ improved performance e.g. new bike parts making bikes quicker
+ improved analysis
- latest tech expensive
- can provide unfair advantage

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30
Q

What are the effects of technology on sports?

A

+ better facilities & security
+ improved performance/entertainment
- tech can fail
- may disrupt flow of play

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31
Q

What are the effects of technology on officials?

A

+ more accurate decision-making
- potential for over-reliance on tech

32
Q

What are the effects of technology on spectators?

A

+ more viewing options e.g. live online streaming and ‘red button’ option
- high costs of tv subscription packages

33
Q

What are the effects of technology on sponsors?

A

+ new opportunities for promotion & increased awareness
- high costs of funding new tech

34
Q

What is etiquette?

A

the unwritten rules concerning player behaviour

35
Q

What is sportsmanship?

A

playing within the rules, upholding the spirit of the game and using sports etiquette

36
Q

What is gamesmanship?

A

the use of dubious methods, that are not strictly illegal, to gain an advantage

37
Q

What is contract to compete?

A

agreeing to play by the rules, trying to win but also allowing your opponents to play

38
Q

Examples of sportsmanship

A

A cricketer ‘walking’ before officially given out
A footballer kicking the ball out of play when another player is injured
Tennis players shaking hands at end of games

39
Q

Examples of gamesmanship

A

Deliberately losing a game to get an ‘easier’ draw in a competition
Wasting time to break up the flow of a game or run down the clock
Faking an injury in any sporting activity

40
Q

Examples of bad etiquette

A

celebrating before winning

41
Q

Example of breaking contract to compete

A

taking drugs

42
Q

Why do people take PEDs?

A

To improve performance and be more successful in their sport, which can lead to wealth and fame.
To level playing field if others are using them

43
Q

What can being caught with PEDs lead to?

A

risks to health and reputation
fines, disqualification, lengthy bans

44
Q

What do beta blockers do?

A

Reduce heart rate, muscle tension, blood pressure and effect of adrenaline
This steadies shaking hands, improving fine motor skills

45
Q

What sports are beta blockers beneficial in?

A

shooting sports
e.g. darts

46
Q

What are the disadvantages on beta blockers?

A

Can cause nausea, weakness, cramp and heart failure
can be prescribed by medical professional

47
Q

What do diuretics do?

A

increase amount you urinate, causing weight loss

48
Q

What sports are diuretics beneficial in?

A

when competing in a certain weight division
e.g. boxing or judo

49
Q

What are the disadvantages of diuretics?

A

can cause cramp, dehydration, loss of salts, muscle weakness, heart damage

50
Q

What do narcotic analgesics do?

A

kill pain, so injuries and fatigue don’t affect training as much
e.g. from overtraining

51
Q

What are the disadvantages of narcotic analgesics?

A

addictive with unpleasant withdrawal symptoms
feeling less pain can make an athlete train too hard, causing overtraining
can lead to constipation and low blood pressure

52
Q

What do stimulants do?

A

affect central nervous system
can increase mental and physical alertness

53
Q

What are the disadvantages of stimulants?

A

can lead to high blood pressure, heart and liver problems, strokes
they’re addictive

54
Q

What do anabolic agents do?

A

mimic testosterone
testosterone increases bone and muscle growth, so you get bigger and stronger, and more aggressive

55
Q

What are the disadvantages of anabolic agents?

A

can cause high blood pressure, heart disease, infertility, increase risk of developing cancer
women may grow facial and body hair

56
Q

What do peptide hormones do?

A

cause production of other hormones - similar to anabolic agents
EPO causes body to produce more red blood cells, increasing oxygen carrying capacity and endurance

57
Q

What sports does EPO benefit?

A

road racing cyclists

58
Q

What are the disadvantages of peptide hormones?

A

they can cause strokes, heart problems, abnormal growth and diabetes

59
Q

Describe the process of blood doping

A

removing some blood from an athlete several weeks prior to a competition when red blood cell count is high (after training), freezing it and re-injecting before athlete competes

60
Q

What does blood doping do?

A

increases number of red blood cells in the bloodstream, increasing oxygen supply to muscles, improving performance and endurance

61
Q

What sports is blood doping beneficial in?

A

long-distance runners and cyclists, as increases cardiovascular endurance, can perform aerobically for longer, increasing chances of success

62
Q

What are the positive influence of spectators?

A

creation of atmosphere - adds excitement, making event more enjoyable for spectators and players

home-field advantage - home team perform better as they’re in familiar surroundings with more fans supporting. Can intimidate opposition

63
Q

What are the negative influences of spectators at matches?

A

Can put pressure on performers, perform worse as nervous and afraid to make mistakes
Spectators for younger people can put pressure on kids, discouraging them from taking up activities, negatively affecting participation
Lots of planning and money to ensure safety of spectators
Large groups have chance of crowd trouble and holliganism

64
Q

What is hooliganism?

A

rowdy, aggressive and sometimes violent behaviour of fans and spectators of sport

65
Q

What causes holliganism?

A

Rivalries
Drinking/ drug taking
Frustration at officials decisions
Display of masculinity
Gang culture
Peer pressure
Hype

66
Q

How do rivalries cause hooliganism?

A

can be built up by press and media to seem more important, causing fans to take match more seriously

67
Q

How do drinking/drug taking cause hooliganism?

A

can fuel aggression and violence

68
Q

How does gang mentality cause hooliganism?

A

people feel less responsible for actions as they’re in a group

69
Q

What strategies can prevent hooliganism?

A

Early kick-offs
all-seated stadiums
fan segregation
improved security
banning/ travel restrictions for hooliganism
alcohol restrictions
education/campaigns

70
Q

How can early kick-offs prevent hooliganism?

A

Leaves less time between pubs opening and start of game, so fans less drunk during games
However, inconvenient for travelling fans to get to game

71
Q

How can alcohol restriction prevent hooliganism?

A

control buying alcohol within stadium
however, fans drink more before game

72
Q

How can all seater stadiums prevent hooliganism?

A

safer as less people packed together. Easier for stewards/ police to get to troublemakers

73
Q

How can fan segregation prevent hooliganism?

A

stops fighting inside ground
Doesn’t help violence outside of stadium, can take longer for fans to get in/out of stadium

74
Q

How can improved security prevent hooliganism?

A

number of police and stewards increase, boosts security
video surveillance/other tech monitor crowds
Although, can be expensive to install tech and pay extra police/stewards

75
Q

How can bans/travel restrictions prevent hooliganism?

A

for fans who committed hooliganism in past e.g. confiscating passports
Worst offenders aren’t at games

76
Q

How can campaigns and education prevent hooliganism?

A

educate fans about harm caused by hooliganism

PE (6 decks)

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