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Applied anatomy and physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Bones in the head/neck?

A

cranium and vertebrae

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2
Q

Bones in the shoulder?

A

Scapula and humerous and clavicle

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3
Q

Bones in the chest?

A

ribs and sternum

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4
Q

Bones at elbow?

A

humerus, radius and ulna

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5
Q

Bones at hip?

A

Pelvis and femur

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6
Q

Bones at knee?

A

femur and tibia (patella at front of knee joint)

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7
Q

Bones at ankle?

A

tibia, fibular and talus

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8
Q

What are long bones used for?

A

movement

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9
Q

What bones are long bones? Give sporting examples

A

Humerus - used by muscles to move whole arm eg badminton- serviving/hitting
Ulna and Radius -used by muscles to move lower arm eg netball- shooting
Femur - used by muscles to move whole leg (gross movements) eg sprinting
Fibula and tibia - used by muscles to move lower leg eg football-passing/shooting

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10
Q

What are flat bones used for?

A

Protection

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11
Q

What bones are flat bones? Give sporting examples.

A

Cranium - protects brain eg football-heading
Sternum and ribs - protects heart and lungs. Ribs also protect kidneys eg boxing- punching
Scapula - protects shoulder joint, many muscles attached to help arm and shoulder movement eg cricket- bowling
Pelvis - protects reproductive organs and bladder eg rugby- tackling
also many muscles attached to help movement of leg

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12
Q

What are short bones used for?

A

Stability

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13
Q

What bone is a short bone? Give sporting examples. What group of bones is it part of?

A

Talus - bears body’s weight when on foot eg Running- long distance
Part of group of bones called tarsals.
Also used for smaller fine movements eg Table Tennis

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14
Q

What are irregular bones used for?

A

Specialised protecting nerves

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15
Q

What bones are irregular?

A

The vertebral column (spine) made up of irregular bones called vertebrae the protect spinal cord
The Patella - sits in front of knee and protects the tendon that crosses the knee joint by stopping it rubbing against the femur

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16
Q

How do flat bones protect from force?

A

force vibrates/ spreads out through bone so wont reach heart/lungs/brain

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17
Q

How does the structure of the skeletal system aid movement?

A

The skeleton creates joints, for example at the knee. The skeleton also provides a place for muscle attachment, for example the hip flexors attach to the pelvis to assist with running.

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18
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system and how are they used in physical activity?

A

Support: skeleton supports boxer by keeping him in upright position
Protection of vital organs by flat bones: ribcage protects heart and lungs if hit in chest by cricket ball
Movement: skeleton works with muscles to move limbs eg arm when playing tennis
Structural shape and points for attachment
Mineral storage, blood cell production: platelets clot blood if cut playing rugby

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19
Q

How does skeletal system use support?

A

Skeleton supports body:
rigid bones keep us upright and hold rest of body in place eg skin and muscles.
eg Backbone enables us to stay upright.

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20
Q

How does skeletal system use protection?

A

Skeleton helps to protect delicate internal organs from injury:
flat bones enclose and protect vital organs. Allows you to perform well in a sport without fear of serious injury eg brain is inside cranium so you can head ball in football or take serious punch in boxing without serious injury

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21
Q

How does skeletal system use Movement?

A

Skeleton has joints where tendons join muscle to bone which enables us to move, this movement is essential for good performance in sport:
bones provide anchor points for muscles; long bones work as levers to allow certain movements. Different types of movements at various joints which are important in different sports.

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22
Q

How does skeletal system use structural shape?

A

Bones give us our general shape, such as height and build. This shape also helps give you good posture which is essential in loads of sports eg good posture aids performance in gymnastics

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23
Q

How does skeletal system use mineral storage?

A

Important minerals are stored in bones such as calcium and phosphorus. Helps with bone strength so you are less likely to break a bone (in sport). Also used in muscle contractions - so the body can move.

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24
Q

How does skeletal system use blood cell production?

A

Red and white blood cells are produced in inner marrow of long bones and ribs. Red blood cells transport oxygen - really important in exercise for muscles to get oxygen to move. Athletes with more red blood cells perform better as more oxygen can be delivered to their muscles. White blood cells protect body through fighting infection.

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25
List the muscles in the upper body with locations.
Deltoid - shoulder Bicep - arm Tricep - arm Rotator cuff - shoulder Pectoralis major - chest Latissimus dorsi - back Abdominals - stomach
26
List the muscles in the lower body with locations.
Gluteal muscles - bum Hip flexors - front hip Quadricep - front leg Hamstring - back leg Tibialis anterior - shin Gastrocnemius - calf
27
List the antagonistic pairs.
Bicep + tricep quadricep + hamstring tibialis anterior + gastrocnemius hip flexors + gluteal muscles abdominals + latissimus dorsi pectoralis major + deltoid
28
What muscles are used when throwing a dart?
bicep + tricep
29
What muscles are used when serving in tennis?
deltoid + rotator cuff
30
What muscles are used when lifting feet during a ski jump?
gastrocnemius + tibialis anterior
31
What muscles are used when lifting knees high during sprinting?
hip flexors + hamstring
32
What muscles are used when playing a forehand shot in tennis?
pectoralis major + rotator cuff
33
What type of control is a cardiac muscle? Where is it found?
Involuntary control Found in walls of heart Do not fatigue
34
What type of control are smooth muscles? Where are they found?
Involuntary control Found in blood vessels and in walls of hollow organs
35
What type of control are skeletal muscles? Where are they found?
Voluntarily controlled Found throughout the body Attached to bones by tendons
36
What muscles are involuntarily controlled?
digestive system - smooth muscles circulatory system - cardiac muscles urinary system
37
What connects bone to bone?
ligament
38
What connects muscle to bone?
tendon
39
What is a synovial joint?
A freely moveable joint
40
Describe what is found at a synovial joint.
Cartilage - Covers end of bone providing smooth friction- free surface Synovial fluid - lubricates joint, produced by synovial membrane Joint capsule - Tough fibrous tissue, surround joint, usually supported by ligaments Synovial membrane - thin layer of tissue on inside of joint capsule Bursae - synovial fluid-filled bag that helps reduce friction in a joint Ligament - joins bone to bone Tendon - non-elastic cord, joins muscle to bone
41
What is a hinge joint?
allows flexion and extension
42
What is flexion?
movement where angle between bone reduces
43
What is extension?
movement where angle between bone increases
44
What is a ball and socket joint?
allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation
45
Define range of movement
a measure of the flexibility of a joint in terms of different movements allowed.
46
What is abduction?
movement where limbs are moved away from the body
47
What is adduction?
movement where limbs are moved back towards the body
48
What is rotation?
turning a limb along its axis
49
What is circumduction?
conical movement of a limb extending from the joint
50
What is plantar flexion?
movement at ankle where the toes are pointed towards the ground
51
What is dorsi flexion?
movement at ankle where the toes are pulled up towards the knee
52
What are the antagonistic pairs during plantar flexion?
agonist = gastrocnemius antagonist = tibialis anterior
53
What are the antagonistic pairs during dorsi flexion?
agonist = tibialis anterior antagonist = gastrocnemius
54
What are the antagonistic pairs during extension of elbow?
agonist = triceps antagonist = biceps
55
What are the antagonistic pairs during flexion of the elbow?
agonist = biceps antagonist = triceps
56
What are the antagonistic pairs during extension of knee?
agonist = quadricep antagonist = hamstring
57
What are the antagonistic pairs during flexion of knee?
agonist = hamstring antagonist = quadricep
58
Examples of ball and socket joint.
hip, shoulder
59
Examples of hinge joint.
knee, ankle, elbow
59
What is a cruciate ligament
attaches tibia to femur in knee joint
59
What is meniscus
cartilage acting as a shock absorber between tibia and femur in knee joint
60
Define the term antagonistic muscle pairs.
Skeletal muscles work together to provide movement: while one muscle contracts, another relaxes, causing the bone they are attached to, to move
61
What is the agonist?
Prime mover - causes movement
62
What is the antagonist?
Muscles that relax to allow agonist to contract
63
What is an isotonic contraction?
Muscle action where muscle changes length - causes movement
64
What is an isometric contraction?
Muscle action where the muscle stays the same length - used in balances
65
What is a concentric contraction?
Isotonic contraction where the muscle shortens
66
What is an eccentric contraction?
Isotonic contraction where the muscle lengthens - used to control downward movements
67
Give an example of an isometric contraction
Handstand, wall sit, plank
68
Give an example of a concentric contraction
Concentric contraction of biceps causes bending of the elbow from straight to fully flexed
69
Give an example of an eccentric contraction
Downward phase of press-up, triceps contract eccentrically to slow movement down Downward phase of squat, quadriceps contract eccentrically to lower body slowly to ground
70
What is the same with all downward movements?
all involve eccentric contractions where the agonist controls the decent
71
Describe the pathway of air
Air passes through nose or mouth and travels into trachea Trachea divides into two tube (bronchi), with one going to each lung Bronchi then split into smaller tubes (bronchioles) Bronchioles end at alveoli, where gaseous exchange takes place
72
What happens to air in the nose and mouth?
They moisten the air and filter out larger particles to prevent them from entering the lungs and causing irritation.
73
How is the trachea protected?
By rings of cartilage and is lined with small hairs (cilia) and mucus that help prevent finer particles from travelling further
73
How do the rings of cartilage help the bronchi?
line their walls to prevent from collapsing
73
What do bronchioles do?
divide airflow so it spreads out through whole of each lung
74
What happens at lungs?
Hang in thoracic cavity and are pulled into new shapes when rib cage is moved by muscle contractions. Causes air pressure to change inside of them, forcing air in or out of the body.
75
How many alveoli are in a persons lungs?
there are approximately 300 million air sacs in a persons lungs
76
What do the capillaries surround alveoli ensure?
They ensure a large surface area for diffusion to occur and a large blood supply close to their walls
77
What happens when you inhale?
Chest volume increases as air is sucked into the lungs Intercostal muscles contract to expand rib cage Diaphragm contracts and moves downwards
78
How much oxygen and carbon dioxide do you take in when inhaling?
21% oxygen 0.004% carbon dioxide
79
What happens when you exhale?
chest volume decreases as air is forced out of lungs intercostal muscles relax to lower rib cage diaphragm relaxes and moves up
80
How much oxygen and carbon dioxide do you breathe out?
16% oxygen 4% carbon dioxide
81
What additional muscles are needed for inspiration during exercise?
pectoralis major sternocleidomastoid
82
What additional muscles are needed for expiration during exercise?
abdominals
83
What does a spirometer do?
measures lung volume, produces a graph called a spirometer trace
84
What is tidal volume?
volume of air breathed in (or out) during a normal breath at rest
85
What is expiratory reserve volume?
additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume
86
What is inspiratory reserve volume?
additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume
87
What is residue volume?
volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration
88
What happens to a spirometer trace during exercise?
tidal volume increases as you take deeper breaths and breathing rate increases as you breathe more quickly As a result, trace peaks and troughs get higher and lower respectively, and closer together
89
How does breathing respond to exercise?
Responds with a slight delay as it takes time for brain to receive information signifying exercise, and then longer to coordinate sufficient breathing responses
90
What is the structure of an artery?
thick muscle wall small lumen
91
What is the structure of a vein?
thin muscle wall large lumen
92
What is the structure of a capillary?
thin wall (one cell thick)
93
What do arteries do?
carry oxygenated blood at high pressure, from heart to rest of body
94
What do veins do?
carry deoxygenated blood at low pressure, from rest of body to heart
95
What do capillaries do?
allow gas exchange of materials between tissues and blood
96
What is vasoconstriction?
reducing the diameter of small arteries to reduce blood flow to tissues
97
What is vasodilation?
increasing the diameter of small arteries to increase blood flow to tissues
98
Why do veins contain valves?
so blood can't flow backwards
99
Why is it not good to eat before exercise?
body has to digest food, oxygen has to go to stomach to aid digestion so less oxygen goes to working muscles
100
How does the body redistribute blood during exercise?
Vasoconstriction - less blood goes to inactive areas like stomach vasodilation - more blood gets to the active areas ( muscles )
101
What is the structure of the heart?
Vena cava right atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle semi-lunar valve pulmonary artery pulmonary vein left atrium bicuspid valve left ventricle semi-lunar valve aorta septum down middle
102
What is systole?
contraction phase of cardiac cycle blood pumped to arteries
103
What is diastole?
relaxation phase of cardiac cycle heart fills with blood
104
What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle?
diastole and systole
105
What does blood pressure measure?
systolic blood pressure (highest) diastolic blood pressure (lowest)
106
How do you measure cardiac output?
heart rate x stroke volume
107
Explain how heart rate increases when you exercise
lowest point prior to exercise (resting heart rate) anticipatory rise just before exercise as intensity increases, heart rate increases as level of intensity remains constant, heart rate levels out heart rate drops quickly as exercise stops heart rate returns to resting level
108
Why is there an anticipatory rise before exercise?
body recognises you are about to start exercise and releases hormones like adrenaline which raises heart rate
109
What is cardiac output?
the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one minute
110
What is stroke volume?
the volume of blood that leaves the left ventricle per contraction
111
What is aerobic respiration?
the process of releasing energy from glucose with oxygen
112
What is anaerobic respiration?
the process of releasing energy from glucose without oxygen
113
What is lactic acid?
waste product from anaerobic respiration
114
What is EPOC?
Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption - increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous exercise
115
What type of intensity exercises is aerobic respiration used in? and why?
low - medium body has enough oxygen to meet demands of cells essential for most team sports
116
What type of intensity exercises is anaerobic respiration used in? and why?
high body is unable to supply muscles with sufficient oxygen for aerobic respiration
117
What is the equation for aerobic exercise?
oxygen + glucose -> carbon dioxide + water + energy
118
What is the equation for anaerobic exercise?
glucose -> lactic acid + energy
119
Examples in sports of anaerobic exercise
Hockey - sprinting for ball 100m sprint Weightlifting - lifting weight in one explosive movement
120
Examples in sport of aerobic exercise
marathon cycling long distance swimming long distance
121
why does EPOC happen? (oxygen debt)
oxygen needed to convert lactic acid into waste products (carbon dioxide + water) that can be removed from body
122
How do we facilitate EPOC?
take quicker and deeper breaths to help with intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide Excrete excess water and other waste products through faeces and urine Perspire to lower body's temp and remove excess water through sweat cool-down helps with break down and dispersal of lactic acid
123
Why is a cool down good? give an example of a cooldown
speeds up recovery walking, jogging (light aerobic exercise) followed by static stretching
124
What methods can be used in recovery process?
rehydration manipulation of diet massage ice bath
125
What is rehydration?
replacing lost water, minerals and carbohydrates after exercise
126
Why can manipulation of diet be used in recovery from vigorous exercise?
Consuming carbohydrates will help to restore the glucose that has been used during exercise
127
Why can massages be used in recovery from vigorous exercise?
Massages increase blood flow, reduce inflammation and help to prevent DOMS
128
Why can ice baths be used in recovery from vigorous exercise?
Reduce inflammation, prevent DOMS by repairing micro-tears that occur in muscle fibres
129
Why is a faster recovery time beneficial?
performers can perform better with shorter rest intervals
130
Why is a cool down important?
gradually reducing intensity helps to maintain an elevated breathing rate/heart rate ensuring blood continues to flow to muscles to allow them to get rid of lactic acid
131
What does a cool down do?
maintains elevated breathing and heart rate blood continues to flow to muscles gets rid of lactic acid
132
What should you consume after a strenuous training session and why?
glucose as its a short term energy store and therefore can be broken down quickly and used quickly
133
How does an ice bath work?
tiny tears in muscle fibres caused by exercise cold temperatures help muscles to relax and repair and delays or gets rid of soreness you might have DOMS occurs 24 hours after training ice bath can relieve some symptoms of soreness helps flush lactic acid out too
134
What is a cramp?
involuntary contraction of muscle
135
What are the immediate effects of exercise on the body?
Increased body temperature - skin becomes hot and sweaty due to vasodilation Increased breathing rate - depth and frequency of breathing speeds up to increase oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal Increased heart rate - increases blood flow to working muscles and increases oxygen delivery/carbon dioxide removal
136
Explain the immediate effects of exercise and how they would relate to a sportsperson?
Heart - cyclist HR increases from resting to approximately 100-150 bpm. Heart contract more powerfully which increase SV. More blood pumped round body Breathing - cyclist starts to breath more deeper and quicker so more oxygen is being circulate in blood so increases gaseous exchange More oxygen to cyclists legs Body temp - cyclists legs work harder, means temp will increase. Cyclist begin to sweat to get rid of extra heat. Skin may go red due to vasodilation
137
What are the short term effects of exercise?
Fatigue Light-headedness Nausea DOMS
138
Why does fatigue occur?
Occurs because of low energy stores
139
Why does light-headedness occur?
result of dehydration, low bp or low energy stores
140
Why does nausea occur?
overexertion or lack of hydration
141
Why does DOMS occur?
result from strenuous exercise
142
What are the long term effects of exercise?
Change in body shape Cardiac hypertrophy Lower resting heart rate (bradycardia)
143
How does your body change shape as a result of exercise?
weight loss or increase in muscle size
144
What does cardiac hypertrophy result in?
heart becomes bigger and stronger and can therefore pump more blood around body
145
Why is lower resting heart rate needed after exercise?
less recovery time
146
What components of fitness can exercise lead to improve?
Muscle strength Speed Cardiovascular endurance Muscular endurance Flexibility Stamina

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