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PE > Applied anatomy and physiology > Flashcards

Applied anatomy and physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Bones in the head/neck?

A

cranium and vertebrae

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2
Q

Bones in the shoulder?

A

Scapula and humerous and clavicle

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3
Q

Bones in the chest?

A

ribs and sternum

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4
Q

Bones at elbow?

A

humerus, radius and ulna

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5
Q

Bones at hip?

A

Pelvis and femur

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6
Q

Bones at knee?

A

femur and tibia (patella at front of knee joint)

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7
Q

Bones at ankle?

A

tibia, fibular and talus

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8
Q

What are long bones used for?

A

movement

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9
Q

What bones are long bones? Give sporting examples

A

Humerus - used by muscles to move whole arm eg badminton- serviving/hitting
Ulna and Radius -used by muscles to move lower arm eg netball- shooting
Femur - used by muscles to move whole leg (gross movements) eg sprinting
Fibula and tibia - used by muscles to move lower leg eg football-passing/shooting

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10
Q

What are flat bones used for?

A

Protection

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11
Q

What bones are flat bones? Give sporting examples.

A

Cranium - protects brain eg football-heading
Sternum and ribs - protects heart and lungs. Ribs also protect kidneys eg boxing- punching
Scapula - protects shoulder joint, many muscles attached to help arm and shoulder movement eg cricket- bowling
Pelvis - protects reproductive organs and bladder eg rugby- tackling
also many muscles attached to help movement of leg

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12
Q

What are short bones used for?

A

Stability

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13
Q

What bone is a short bone? Give sporting examples. What group of bones is it part of?

A

Talus - bears body’s weight when on foot eg Running- long distance
Part of group of bones called tarsals.
Also used for smaller fine movements eg Table Tennis

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14
Q

What are irregular bones used for?

A

Specialised protecting nerves

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15
Q

What bones are irregular?

A

The vertebral column (spine) made up of irregular bones called vertebrae the protect spinal cord
The Patella - sits in front of knee and protects the tendon that crosses the knee joint by stopping it rubbing against the femur

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16
Q

How do flat bones protect from force?

A

force vibrates/ spreads out through bone so wont reach heart/lungs/brain

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17
Q

How does the structure of the skeletal system aid movement?

A

The skeleton creates joints, for example at the knee. The skeleton also provides a place for muscle attachment, for example the hip flexors attach to the pelvis to assist with running.

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18
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system and how are they used in physical activity?

A

Support: skeleton supports boxer by keeping him in upright position
Protection of vital organs by flat bones: ribcage protects heart and lungs if hit in chest by cricket ball
Movement: skeleton works with muscles to move limbs eg arm when playing tennis
Structural shape and points for attachment
Mineral storage, blood cell production: platelets clot blood if cut playing rugby

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19
Q

How does skeletal system use support?

A

Skeleton supports body:
rigid bones keep us upright and hold rest of body in place eg skin and muscles.
eg Backbone enables us to stay upright.

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20
Q

How does skeletal system use protection?

A

Skeleton helps to protect delicate internal organs from injury:
flat bones enclose and protect vital organs. Allows you to perform well in a sport without fear of serious injury eg brain is inside cranium so you can head ball in football or take serious punch in boxing without serious injury

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21
Q

How does skeletal system use Movement?

A

Skeleton has joints where tendons join muscle to bone which enables us to move, this movement is essential for good performance in sport:
bones provide anchor points for muscles; long bones work as levers to allow certain movements. Different types of movements at various joints which are important in different sports.

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22
Q

How does skeletal system use structural shape?

A

Bones give us our general shape, such as height and build. This shape also helps give you good posture which is essential in loads of sports eg good posture aids performance in gymnastics

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23
Q

How does skeletal system use mineral storage?

A

Important minerals are stored in bones such as calcium and phosphorus. Helps with bone strength so you are less likely to break a bone (in sport). Also used in muscle contractions - so the body can move.

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24
Q

How does skeletal system use blood cell production?

A

Red and white blood cells are produced in inner marrow of long bones and ribs. Red blood cells transport oxygen - really important in exercise for muscles to get oxygen to move. Athletes with more red blood cells perform better as more oxygen can be delivered to their muscles. White blood cells protect body through fighting infection.

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25
Q

List the muscles in the upper body with locations.

A

Deltoid - shoulder
Bicep - arm
Tricep - arm
Rotator cuff - shoulder
Pectoralis major - chest
Latissimus dorsi - back
Abdominals - stomach

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26
Q

List the muscles in the lower body with locations.

A

Gluteal muscles - bum
Hip flexors - front hip
Quadricep - front leg
Hamstring - back leg
Tibialis anterior - shin
Gastrocnemius - calf

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27
Q

List the antagonistic pairs.

A

Bicep + tricep
quadricep + hamstring
tibialis anterior + gastrocnemius
hip flexors + gluteal muscles
abdominals + latissimus dorsi
pectoralis major + deltoid

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28
Q

What muscles are used when throwing a dart?

A

bicep + tricep

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29
Q

What muscles are used when serving in tennis?

A

deltoid + rotator cuff

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30
Q

What muscles are used when lifting feet during a ski jump?

A

gastrocnemius + tibialis anterior

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31
Q

What muscles are used when lifting knees high during sprinting?

A

hip flexors + hamstring

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32
Q

What muscles are used when playing a forehand shot in tennis?

A

pectoralis major + rotator cuff

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33
Q

What type of control is a cardiac muscle?
Where is it found?

A

Involuntary control
Found in walls of heart
Do not fatigue

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34
Q

What type of control are smooth muscles?
Where are they found?

A

Involuntary control
Found in blood vessels and in walls of hollow organs

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35
Q

What type of control are skeletal muscles?
Where are they found?

A

Voluntarily controlled
Found throughout the body
Attached to bones by tendons

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36
Q

What muscles are involuntarily controlled?

A

digestive system - smooth muscles
circulatory system - cardiac muscles
urinary system

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37
Q

What connects bone to bone?

A

ligament

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38
Q

What connects muscle to bone?

A

tendon

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39
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

A freely moveable joint

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40
Q

Describe what is found at a synovial joint.

A

Cartilage - Covers end of bone providing smooth friction- free surface
Synovial fluid - lubricates joint, produced by synovial membrane
Joint capsule - Tough fibrous tissue, surround joint, usually supported by ligaments
Synovial membrane - thin layer of tissue on inside of joint capsule
Bursae - synovial fluid-filled bag that helps reduce friction in a joint
Ligament - joins bone to bone
Tendon - non-elastic cord, joins muscle to bone

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41
Q

What is a hinge joint?

A

allows flexion and extension

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42
Q

What is flexion?

A

movement where angle between bone reduces

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43
Q

What is extension?

A

movement where angle between bone increases

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44
Q

What is a ball and socket joint?

A

allows flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation

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45
Q

Define range of movement

A

a measure of the flexibility of a joint in terms of different movements allowed.

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46
Q

What is abduction?

A

movement where limbs are moved away from the body

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47
Q

What is adduction?

A

movement where limbs are moved back towards the body

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48
Q

What is rotation?

A

turning a limb along its axis

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49
Q

What is circumduction?

A

conical movement of a limb extending from the joint

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50
Q

What is plantar flexion?

A

movement at ankle where the toes are pointed towards the ground

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51
Q

What is dorsi flexion?

A

movement at ankle where the toes are pulled up towards the knee

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52
Q

What are the antagonistic pairs during plantar flexion?

A

agonist = gastrocnemius
antagonist = tibialis anterior

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53
Q

What are the antagonistic pairs during dorsi flexion?

A

agonist = tibialis anterior
antagonist = gastrocnemius

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54
Q

What are the antagonistic pairs during extension of elbow?

A

agonist = triceps
antagonist = biceps

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55
Q

What are the antagonistic pairs during flexion of the elbow?

A

agonist = biceps
antagonist = triceps

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56
Q

What are the antagonistic pairs during extension of knee?

A

agonist = quadricep
antagonist = hamstring

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57
Q

What are the antagonistic pairs during flexion of knee?

A

agonist = hamstring
antagonist = quadricep

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58
Q

Examples of ball and socket joint.

A

hip, shoulder

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59
Q

Examples of hinge joint.

A

knee, ankle, elbow

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59
Q

What is a cruciate ligament

A

attaches tibia to femur in knee joint

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59
Q

What is meniscus

A

cartilage acting as a shock absorber between tibia and femur in knee joint

60
Q

Define the term antagonistic muscle pairs.

A

Skeletal muscles work together to provide movement: while one muscle contracts, another relaxes, causing the bone they are attached to, to move

61
Q

What is the agonist?

A

Prime mover - causes movement

62
Q

What is the antagonist?

A

Muscles that relax to allow agonist to contract

63
Q

What is an isotonic contraction?

A

Muscle action where muscle changes length - causes movement

64
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

Muscle action where the muscle stays the same length - used in balances

65
Q

What is a concentric contraction?

A

Isotonic contraction where the muscle shortens

66
Q

What is an eccentric contraction?

A

Isotonic contraction where the muscle lengthens - used to control downward movements

67
Q

Give an example of an isometric contraction

A

Handstand, wall sit, plank

68
Q

Give an example of a concentric contraction

A

Concentric contraction of biceps causes bending of the elbow from straight to fully flexed

69
Q

Give an example of an eccentric contraction

A

Downward phase of press-up, triceps contract eccentrically to slow movement down
Downward phase of squat, quadriceps contract eccentrically to lower body slowly to ground

70
Q

What is the same with all downward movements?

A

all involve eccentric contractions where the agonist controls the decent

71
Q

Describe the pathway of air

A

Air passes through nose or mouth and travels into trachea
Trachea divides into two tube (bronchi), with one going to each lung
Bronchi then split into smaller tubes (bronchioles)
Bronchioles end at alveoli, where gaseous exchange takes place

72
Q

What happens to air in the nose and mouth?

A

They moisten the air and filter out larger particles to prevent them from entering the lungs and causing irritation.

73
Q

How is the trachea protected?

A

By rings of cartilage and is lined with small hairs (cilia) and mucus that help prevent finer particles from travelling further

73
Q

How do the rings of cartilage help the bronchi?

A

line their walls to prevent from collapsing

73
Q

What do bronchioles do?

A

divide airflow so it spreads out through whole of each lung

74
Q

What happens at lungs?

A

Hang in thoracic cavity and are pulled into new shapes when rib cage is moved by muscle contractions. Causes air pressure to change inside of them, forcing air in or out of the body.

75
Q

How many alveoli are in a persons lungs?

A

there are approximately 300 million air sacs in a persons lungs

76
Q

What do the capillaries surround alveoli ensure?

A

They ensure a large surface area for diffusion to occur and a large blood supply close to their walls

77
Q

What happens when you inhale?

A

Chest volume increases as air is sucked into the lungs
Intercostal muscles contract to expand rib cage
Diaphragm contracts and moves downwards

78
Q

How much oxygen and carbon dioxide do you take in when inhaling?

A

21% oxygen
0.004% carbon dioxide

79
Q

What happens when you exhale?

A

chest volume decreases as air is forced out of lungs
intercostal muscles relax to lower rib cage
diaphragm relaxes and moves up

80
Q

How much oxygen and carbon dioxide do you breathe out?

A

16% oxygen
4% carbon dioxide

81
Q

What additional muscles are needed for inspiration during exercise?

A

pectoralis major
sternocleidomastoid

82
Q

What additional muscles are needed for expiration during exercise?

A

abdominals

83
Q

What does a spirometer do?

A

measures lung volume, produces a graph called a spirometer trace

84
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

volume of air breathed in (or out) during a normal breath at rest

85
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume?

A

additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume

86
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume?

A

additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after the inspiration of a normal tidal volume

87
Q

What is residue volume?

A

volume of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal expiration

88
Q

What happens to a spirometer trace during exercise?

A

tidal volume increases as you take deeper breaths and breathing rate increases as you breathe more quickly
As a result, trace peaks and troughs get higher and lower respectively, and closer together

89
Q

How does breathing respond to exercise?

A

Responds with a slight delay as it takes time for brain to receive information signifying exercise, and then longer to coordinate sufficient breathing responses

90
Q

What is the structure of an artery?

A

thick muscle wall
small lumen

91
Q

What is the structure of a vein?

A

thin muscle wall
large lumen

92
Q

What is the structure of a capillary?

A

thin wall (one cell thick)

93
Q

What do arteries do?

A

carry oxygenated blood at high pressure, from heart to rest of body

94
Q

What do veins do?

A

carry deoxygenated blood at low pressure, from rest of body to heart

95
Q

What do capillaries do?

A

allow gas exchange of materials between tissues and blood

96
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A

reducing the diameter of small arteries to reduce blood flow to tissues

97
Q

What is vasodilation?

A

increasing the diameter of small arteries to increase blood flow to tissues

98
Q

Why do veins contain valves?

A

so blood can’t flow backwards

99
Q

Why is it not good to eat before exercise?

A

body has to digest food, oxygen has to go to stomach to aid digestion so less oxygen goes to working muscles

100
Q

How does the body redistribute blood during exercise?

A

Vasoconstriction - less blood goes to inactive areas like stomach
vasodilation - more blood gets to the active areas ( muscles )

101
Q

What is the structure of the heart?

A

Vena cava
right atrium
tricuspid valve
right ventricle
semi-lunar valve
pulmonary artery
pulmonary vein
left atrium
bicuspid valve
left ventricle
semi-lunar valve
aorta
septum down middle

102
Q

What is systole?

A

contraction phase of cardiac cycle
blood pumped to arteries

103
Q

What is diastole?

A

relaxation phase of cardiac cycle
heart fills with blood

104
Q

What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle?

A

diastole and systole

105
Q

What does blood pressure measure?

A

systolic blood pressure (highest)
diastolic blood pressure (lowest)

106
Q

How do you measure cardiac output?

A

heart rate x stroke volume

107
Q

Explain how heart rate increases when you exercise

A

lowest point prior to exercise (resting heart rate)
anticipatory rise just before exercise
as intensity increases, heart rate increases
as level of intensity remains constant, heart rate levels out
heart rate drops quickly as exercise stops
heart rate returns to resting level

108
Q

Why is there an anticipatory rise before exercise?

A

body recognises you are about to start exercise and releases hormones like adrenaline which raises heart rate

109
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

the volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one minute

110
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

the volume of blood that leaves the left ventricle per contraction

111
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

the process of releasing energy from glucose with oxygen

112
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

the process of releasing energy from glucose without oxygen

113
Q

What is lactic acid?

A

waste product from anaerobic respiration

114
Q

What is EPOC?

A

Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption - increased rate of oxygen intake following strenuous exercise

115
Q

What type of intensity exercises is aerobic respiration used in? and why?

A

low - medium
body has enough oxygen to meet demands of cells
essential for most team sports

116
Q

What type of intensity exercises is anaerobic respiration used in? and why?

A

high
body is unable to supply muscles with sufficient oxygen for aerobic respiration

117
Q

What is the equation for aerobic exercise?

A

oxygen + glucose -> carbon dioxide + water + energy

118
Q

What is the equation for anaerobic exercise?

A

glucose -> lactic acid + energy

119
Q

Examples in sports of anaerobic exercise

A

Hockey - sprinting for ball
100m sprint
Weightlifting - lifting weight in one explosive movement

120
Q

Examples in sport of aerobic exercise

A

marathon
cycling long distance
swimming long distance

121
Q

why does EPOC happen?
(oxygen debt)

A

oxygen needed to convert lactic acid into waste products (carbon dioxide + water) that can be removed from body

122
Q

How do we facilitate EPOC?

A

take quicker and deeper breaths to help with intake of oxygen and removal of carbon dioxide
Excrete excess water and other waste products through faeces and urine
Perspire to lower body’s temp and remove excess water through sweat
cool-down helps with break down and dispersal of lactic acid

123
Q

Why is a cool down good? give an example of a cooldown

A

speeds up recovery
walking, jogging (light aerobic exercise) followed by static stretching

124
Q

What methods can be used in recovery process?

A

rehydration
manipulation of diet
massage
ice bath

125
Q

What is rehydration?

A

replacing lost water, minerals and carbohydrates after exercise

126
Q

Why can manipulation of diet be used in recovery from vigorous exercise?

A

Consuming carbohydrates will help to restore the glucose that has been used during exercise

127
Q

Why can massages be used in recovery from vigorous exercise?

A

Massages increase blood flow, reduce inflammation and help to prevent DOMS

128
Q

Why can ice baths be used in recovery from vigorous exercise?

A

Reduce inflammation, prevent DOMS by repairing micro-tears that occur in muscle fibres

129
Q

Why is a faster recovery time beneficial?

A

performers can perform better with shorter rest intervals

130
Q

Why is a cool down important?

A

gradually reducing intensity helps to maintain an elevated breathing rate/heart rate ensuring blood continues to flow to muscles to allow them to get rid of lactic acid

131
Q

What does a cool down do?

A

maintains elevated breathing and heart rate
blood continues to flow to muscles
gets rid of lactic acid

132
Q

What should you consume after a strenuous training session and why?

A

glucose as its a short term energy store and therefore can be broken down quickly and used quickly

133
Q

How does an ice bath work?

A

tiny tears in muscle fibres caused by exercise
cold temperatures help muscles to relax and repair and delays or gets rid of soreness you might have
DOMS occurs 24 hours after training
ice bath can relieve some symptoms of soreness
helps flush lactic acid out too

134
Q

What is a cramp?

A

involuntary contraction of muscle

135
Q

What are the immediate effects of exercise on the body?

A

Increased body temperature - skin becomes hot and sweaty due to vasodilation
Increased breathing rate - depth and frequency of breathing speeds up to increase oxygen delivery and carbon dioxide removal
Increased heart rate - increases blood flow to working muscles and increases oxygen delivery/carbon dioxide removal

136
Q

Explain the immediate effects of exercise and how they would relate to a sportsperson?

A

Heart - cyclist HR increases from resting to approximately 100-150 bpm. Heart contract more powerfully which increase SV. More blood pumped round body

Breathing - cyclist starts to breath more deeper and quicker so more oxygen is being circulate in blood so increases gaseous exchange More oxygen to cyclists legs

Body temp - cyclists legs work harder, means temp will increase. Cyclist begin to sweat to get rid of extra heat. Skin may go red due to vasodilation

137
Q

What are the short term effects of exercise?

A

Fatigue
Light-headedness
Nausea
DOMS

138
Q

Why does fatigue occur?

A

Occurs because of low energy stores

139
Q

Why does light-headedness occur?

A

result of dehydration, low bp or low energy stores

140
Q

Why does nausea occur?

A

overexertion or lack of hydration

141
Q

Why does DOMS occur?

A

result from strenuous exercise

142
Q

What are the long term effects of exercise?

A

Change in body shape
Cardiac hypertrophy
Lower resting heart rate (bradycardia)

143
Q

How does your body change shape as a result of exercise?

A

weight loss or increase in muscle size

144
Q

What does cardiac hypertrophy result in?

A

heart becomes bigger and stronger and can therefore pump more blood around body

145
Q

Why is lower resting heart rate needed after exercise?

A

less recovery time

146
Q

What components of fitness can exercise lead to improve?

A

Muscle strength
Speed
Cardiovascular endurance
Muscular endurance
Flexibility
Stamina

PE (6 decks)

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