Sports And Society Flashcards by Jennifer O’Brien

Characteristics of popular recreation

Limited transport (each village had different rules/location)
Illiterate
Harsh society
Feudal system
Agricultural work and long shifts, so only played on holidays and holy days

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Industrial revolution

Rural to urban migration
Middle class formed
Change of working condition
Wages decrease

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Rational recreation

19th century sporting past times for the lower class that were well organised and controlled by the middle class

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Middle class

Factory owners so increase leisure time and allowed half days and Saturday
Codified rules
Created leagues and competition
Public provision

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Industrial patronage

Factory owners became patrons for the sport of working class
Allowed for facilities and more time to train

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Reasons for NGBs

Maintain and control and organise sport
Maintain amateur ideal
More teams
More leagues and fixtures
Codification of rules

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Impact of public school boys

Middle and upper class boys who went to school where they learnt the value of athleticism

Working hard to get a result
Working to be the best of ability
Keep to the spirit of the game
Learning etiquette and following rules
Self discipline

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Public school boys and the British Empire

NGB’s codified rules and created national league
Teachers taught traditional sporting values
Army officers travelled the British empire and spread sport
Clergy trade teams and played round the world
Factory owners allowed half days on Saturday to play sport

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19th century gentleman amateur

Upper and middle class
Wealthy
Lots of time to play
No desire to improve through training
Hi, morality

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Positives of 19th century amateurs

Play to a set of rules
High etiquette promoted high morality and sportsmanship
High profile
Played for enjoyment

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19th century working class professional

Working class
Poor
Little time to train
Trained hard to improve
Low morality

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Modern day professional

Highly skilled
Respected for ability so paid
Only some sports offer professionalism
Celebrity status as increased media coverage and wealth
More time to train lead to higher standards

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Emergence of elite female popular in modern day sport

Equal opportunity as broken down gender bias after war
More coverage BT covered women’s super league
Increase role models as performers and coaches and officials
Increase grassroots and professional women teams
More funding

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Track and field
AAC

Amateur athletic club
Exclusive clause
Public school boys and ex university men
For respectable athletes emphasise in Fairplay, courage and no waging

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Track and field
AAA

Amateur athletic Association
Removed exclusive clause
Professionals athletes who ran for money
Not acceptable for women

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Post World War II

London Olympics, 1948
Trust funds - safeguard eligibility to compete amateur so allowed financial funding
Governing body for athletics (all payments authorised by them)
Allowed male and female athletes go around the world to compete
No trust fund - international AAA cancelled international athletics Association Federation

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Society

A group of people associated for some specific purpose or share a common interest
Success in sport on a global scale reflects and measures the status of that society or nation

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Socialisation

A lifelong process where members of society learns its norms, values, ideas, practices, and roles in order to take their place in society

Primary socialisation

Early childhood, influenced by immediate family
Watching siblings/parents play
Forced or encouraged to play themselves
However, academic success may be more prioritised

Secondary socialisation

Teenagers, influenced by wider family, friends, school, media
Participate social reasons/extracurricular/shown on TV

Gender socialisation
(Gender association)

Learning of behaviour and attitude associated and appropriate for a given sex
Certain sports are only associated with a certain sex based on an image of the sport
School curriculum based on gender and participation

Social control

Refers to the way in which peoples thoughts and feelings and appearances and behaviours are regulated in a social system

Family
Religion
Media
Education

Social change

Institutions readjust to meet the new needs of society

Kick for life help helps increase football participation in deprived area
Cricket for change helps cricket coaching in areas of high crime and antisocial behaviour
This girl can help increase female participation rates across the country

Social issues

Problems that affect many people in society

Inequalities

The first situation where resources/opportunities aren’t evenly distributed within a society

Social stratification

Society is divided into different levels based on characteristics such as wealth, status and class

Social class

Social inequalities due to peoples access to wealth, income and power affected by job family background education and income

Social stratification and social class depends on Types choice of activity

Social class Horse riding versus tennis Socio economic status determined schooling public/private Certain groups still are under represented Feel inferior due to lack of participation

Social stratification and social class depends on Number of opportunities

More disposable income have easier access to clubs resources and facilities

Social stratification and social class depends on Time/money/transport

Lower social class may emphasise family, chores, education

Social action theory

A way to view socialisation emphasis and social action Considers how sport can have an impact on society through interaction of organisations (schools/campaigns groups) are created This influences people/shapes wider society– flow rules decreasing discrimination Changes existing social processes Promote sports becoming more democratic and prevents dominance Individual motives so sports variation in participating

Benefits of participating individual and society Health

Individual – increases health and fitness to reduce the chance of stroke low blood pressure and less chance of CHD Society – less strain on the NHS, decreases obesity

Benefits of participating individual and society Social

Individual – improve social skills, cooperation and teamwork, ability to make friends Society – increases community and integration, morals

Benefits of participating individual and society Crime

Individual – positive use of free time Society – lowest crime statistics, lower antisocial behaviour

Benefits of participating individual and society Employment

Individual – increases productivity, lowers absentee Society – company benefits as less people are off, so more can be done

Benefits of participating individual and society Economic

Individual – increase spending pursuing health Society – more money in economy from leisure pursuits

Barriers and solutions

Lack of skill to play – choose activity that requires less skill Lack of time – add exercise into daily routine Lack of motivation – participate with friends/family Lack of money – select activity that requires facilities Lack of education – participate in extracurricular activities

Barriers and solutions This disability

Negative self image Lack of income Lack of access Lack of media coverage Lack of coaching Myths Allow opportunity for success Increase media coverage increase investment Increase quality of coaching Increase education on myths

Barriers in solution Ethnicity

Conflict with religion Higher value in education Fear racism/abuse Stereotypes Language barriers Lack of role models Train more ethnic coaches Public size and punishment of racism Ensure single sex programs program Organise campaign

Barriers and solutions Gender

Stereotypical myths Lack media coverage lack of sponsorship Lack of self-confidence Lack of disposable income Enforce laws against sex discrimination Encourage greater acceptance Encourage shared domestic responsibilities Increase media coverage Increase sponsorship Provide education to reject stereotypes

Prejudice

To form an unfavourable opinion on someone often based on inadequate facts

Discrimination

The unfair treatment of a person/minority group, to make a distinction/acting on prejudice

Stereotypes

Standardised image, making simple generalisation on all members of a group, allowing others to categorise and treat them accordingly