Applied Anatomy And Physiology

Question 1

Cardiac control system

Answer 1

SA Node- since wave of excitation and causes atrial systole
AV Node- impulse passes through and is delayed for 0.15 seconds to allow atrium to empty
Bundle of His- impulse is sent down specialised fibres
Purkinje Fibres- branches of smaller fibres and causes ventricular systole

Question 2

Stroke Volume

Answer 2

Volume of blood pumped out of the heart in one beat

Depends on Venus return, elasticity of cardiac fibres, and contractility of cardiac tissue

Question 3

Control blood flow

Answer 3

Vaso motor
Receptors
Vasodilation (decrease SS)
Vasoconstriction (increases SS)
Pre-capillary sphincters

Question 4

A-VO2 difference

Answer 4

Difference in oxygen in atrial blood and Venus blood
At exercise increase in A-VO2 difference more oxygen being extracted to meet the demand
Elite has greater capillary network so more capacity for extra extraction

Question 5

Tidal volume

Answer 5

Volume of air breathed in or out in a normal breath
Increases in exercise

Question 6

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 6

Volume of a forcibly expired after a normal breath
Decreases in exercise

Question 7

Residual volume

Answer 7

Volume of a remaining after maximum expired
Stays the same in exercise

Question 8

Minute ventilation

Answer 8

Volume of and out in a minute

Question 9

Partial pressure

Answer 9

Pressure exerted from an individual gas

Question 10

Pulmonary ventilation

Answer 10

Receptor detect a change
Message relayed to respiratory control Centre
Impulse down phrenic nerve to breathing muscle muscles
Increase frequency and depth of breathing

Question 11

Stretch receptors

Answer 11

Prevent over inflation of lungs
Expiratory Centre sends impulse down intercoastal nerve to expiratory muscles

Question 12

Smoking

Answer 12

Swells and narrows trachea
Carbon monoxide binds haemoglobin
Reduce number and size of alveoli
Kills Celia

Reduces efficiency of respiratory system
Less gas exchange

Can’t work aerobically
Fatigue

Question 13

Motor unit

Answer 13

Motor neuron and muscle fibres
Only one type of muscle fibre can be found at motor unit
Motor neurons transmit nerve to muscle fibre

Question 14

All or none law

Answer 14

Either or contract or none will

Question 15

Wave summation

Answer 15

Repeated impulse with no time to relax, produces a smooth sustained contraction (tetanic contraction)
Calcium build up in muscle cell

Question 16

Spatial summation

Answer 16

Alter a number and size of motor units old to strength of contraction

Question 17

Planes and axis

Answer 17

Frontal Sagital (adduction abduction)
Transverse longitudinal (horizontal adduction abduction)
Sagital transverse (flexion extension)

Question 18

PNF

Answer 18

Stretch muscle until tension
Isometric contraction using passive stretch
Stretch again, antagonist relax, allow and stretch further

Question 19

Muscle spindles

Answer 19

Sensitive proprioceptor found in between muscle fibres
Detect change and muscle length/tension
Send excited signals to CNS, relay impulse for master to contract
Prevents overstretching by initiating the stretch reflex

Question 20

Golgi tendon

Answer 20

Proprioceptor between muscle fibres and tendons
Detect tension
Send inhibitory signals to brain (delay the stretch reflex)
Override accessory signals
Causes antagonist to relax, lymph and stretch further

Question 21

Hip horizontal adduction

Answer 21

Hip adductors/ gluteus minimus and maximus

Question 22

Shoulder reflection

Answer 22

Anterior deltoid/latissimus dorsi

Question 23

Shoulder adduction

Answer 23

Posterior deltoid/middle deltoid

Question 24

Shoulder horizontal adduction

Answer 24

Pectoris major/ latissimus dorsi