Sports And Society Flashcards
What are the 4 origins of sport
ritual, tribal, survival & recreative
what is meant by tribal origin
the sport can be traced to ancient tribes from Britain or from around the world
what is meant by ritual origin
the sport has links to religions - may only be played on holy days
what is meant by survival origin
the sport has originated from a sport used as a fitness to survive, ability to hunt and defend yourself with hands or weapons
what is meant by recreative origin
a sport all people like to play and was created for fun, catharis and escapsim purposes
How did social class affect sport during the pre-industrial period?
lower class activities were simple and often more violent than the upper class sports. Upper class would play sports with more complex rules as they had the necessary education to understand the complexity of the rules.
who were members of the upper class in pre-industrial period
aristocracy & the gentry (hereditary land owners)
who were members of the lower class in pre-industrial period
peasants who works manually, mainly on land
examples of upper class activities in PRE-IND
real tennis, fox hunting
examples of lower class activities in PRE-IND
mob football, dog fighting, prize fighting
How was pedestrianism different to most sports?
it was a sport for both classes and a way for lower class members to raise their social class
what was pedestrianism
competitive walking - lower class would compete and the upper class would bid on the participants - winning won the money from the bids made on them
what were gentlemen players
gentry amatuers who competed but earned no rewards - they done the sport for fun
what were professional players
lower class participants who compete to earn an income - they do the sport to get payed
what were the gender influences on sport in PRE-IND
- women and men participated in different sports
- womens activities were shaped by expected behaviour of a women
- womens sports were less strenuous as it was seen as unladylike for a women to sweat
- womens activities were less dangerous as they were seen as the weaker sex
what sports would women participate in during PRE-IND (upper and lower)
upper: archery
lower: smock racing
what were the law & order influences on sport during PRE-IND
there was little law and order therefore these sports were shaped around the lack of rules
- peasants involved in more violent activities; this reflected lack of order in society
what were the educational & literacy influence on sports in PRE-IND
the upper class were well education whereas the lower class were not. The upper class sports would have more rules than the lower class sports as they had the education to understand the rules.
what was the influences of availability of time and money on sports during PRE-IND
Time:
- sports confinded to festivals / holy days due to constantly working
- peasants had to paritcipate in short lasting + local activities ie pig catching
- upper class would participate in long lasting sports
- UC could afford equipment for their sports therefore they were more sophisticated
Money:
- peasants could not afford expensive equipment therefore they would use the land they worked on as their faciliity
- UC could afford to travel to / for sports
What were the 5 impacts of the industrial revolution
Time, Urbanization, Transport, Technology, Education
How was time for sports affected after the IND REV
there was less time to play sports as more hours being worked- saturdays half days allowed for free time such as watching sports with afternoon kick offs
how was money for sports affected after the IND REV
more hours were work therefore more money was earnt - this lead to more money being available for sports equipment
how did urbanization affect sports after the IND REV
more buildings were built - this meant that there was less space for sports to be played
how did developments in transport affect sports after the IND REV
roads were built therefore more travel happened and more people travels for the purpose of sport- this aided in the creation of sporting leagues
how did developments in technology affect sports after the IND REV
more complex games / rules / equipment
- roads were built
how did developments in education affect sports after the IND REV
more people received an education therefore more people were able to play sports as they understood the rules - more sports were also in newspapers and media reports as more people were able to read them
What was the features of public schools POST IND
- many middle class members attended public schools
- they were exclusive due to travel + tuition fees
- some activities & sports developed and became popular (this helped develop the sports we know today)
- sports was not a big part of public schools at the start of the 19th century as it was seen as unchristian
Who promoted the muscular Christianity ideology?
Thomas Arnold-Arnoldian
what was the influence of Thomas Arnold-Arnoldian
- Arnold wanted to link the church with sport to help the development of character through sports.
- The Cult Of Athleticism was formed which aided in developing a Christian gentlemen
- intermural fixtures began
- pitches and equipment overtime developed
what is the cult of athleticism?
A combination of physical endeavor and moral integrity - trying hard, being honorable, truthful, and showing good sportmanship
what were the social values of the cult of athleticism? (10)
- healthy mind = healthy body
- muscular Christianity
- leadership
- teamwork responsibility
- temperament/ discipline
- intergity/ honor/ pride
- sportsmanship
- taking part > winning
- playing the game in the right spirit
- amateur ethic
What were Arnolds reasoning for the Cult Of Athleticism?
- an educational reform
- change attitudes toward sports (used as a means of control)
- career after school
- to change how sport was exclusive to the upper class
- religious factors (muscular Christianity)
- preparing leaders for the British empire
What was the melting pot?
- helped develop new standardized rules for games uch as football and rugby
- boys at Universities ( the blues) would mix the rules of the sports they learnt in their public schools to create a new sport - they would then bring this sport back to their old schools
Who were the Blues?
boys who represented their universities
- they would go on to be masters/ coaches at schools/ army soldiers/ church / missionaries - this helped spread the sport even more
What did the blues create that still stand today?
they made governing bodies which lead to the creation of sports leagues
When were the rules of rugby officially written down?
1845
When did eton create a rival game to rugby? what had been changed?
1849
Etons game restricted the use of hands
When as the FA formed?
1863
when was the amateur athletics clubs formed?
1866
when was the amateur athletics clubs formed?
1866
when was the rugby union formed?
1871
when was lawn tennis association formed?
1888
How did law and order change sports in the 20th century?
most cruel sports had dissapered and more rules meant the games were less violent
how did social class change sport in the 20th century?
spectators were mostly middle and upper class as you now had to pay to spectate at purpose built grounds
- working class members had less time for leisure due to working
- clubs could now afford to pay players due to the income of spectatorism
how did education change sport in the 20th century?
all children had access to education due to the introduction of comprehensive schools in 1965
- the butler act 1944 which replaced all previous legislations and stated that individuals needed more than just academic education; education involves a whole persons academic agility, spiritual, physical and vocational needs
- the education reform 1988 reiterated the butler act ; the education curriculum promotes spiritual, moral, cultural, mental and physical development of pupils in the school and of society
how did availability of time and money affect sports in the 20th century?
Time:
- there was an increase in leisure time which lead to a increase in spectators and participants
- more pub sports like darts were played
Money:
- more money earnt ; more disposable money used for pubs and club sports
how did transport affect sport in the 20th century
- public and private transport was more available-> increased the amount of spectators and participants as they could travel
- increasing crowds due to increasing radio coverage on sport ie football and rugby
how did gender affect sport in the 20th century ?
- people spectating games were predominantly working class men as working hours were reduced
- due to the wars, women were called in to do men’s jobs ; after the war women would work aswell
- female participants in sport fell
- females took part in sport within school
what is social mobility ?
the changes in wealth, education, and occupation over a persons lifetime
how does the 21st century have the most social mobility from PRE-IND to present?
media would promote the view of ‘rags to riches’ through sport - this made role models for young people to aspire to.
people of all class origin claim the rag to riches story through their sport as the origins are now more mixed
how did class affect sport in the 21st century?
- it was less pronounced and more fluid therefore more people could move between classes
- more division between working and middle class
- sports now have players with more mixed class backgrounds
- all classes participate and all classes spectate
- some sports ie polo are still identified as an upper class sport
how did gender affect sports in the 21st century
- more men are involved in sport
- still regarded by some as unladylike to participate in sport
- certain sports still linked to certain genders leading to discrimination
- more women involved in physical exercise and more interest in health and fitness activities ie gym and excel use classes
- participation rates continue to grow for women in sports like football and rugby
how did law and order affect sports in the 21st century?
legislation is more specific to the sport
- increase in lakes to protect / litigate referees and officials
- laws to prevent discrimination based upon race /gender
how did education affect sport in the 21st century
children attend primary, secondary school (comprehensive schools usually)
- qualifications and examinations in physical education and sport have increased. Gives an increase in opportunities for young people to study pe and sport
how did availability of time and money affect sports in the 21st century ?
- more flexible working hours which increased spectator and participation levels
- gym memberships increased due to lower prices
- ## global recession affects many’s income therefore less money being spent on sport and exercise
how has transport affected sport in the 21st century?
more likely to travel by car or public transport to engage in sport activities (spectators or participants)
- increased availability of cheap air faites has contributed to more travel abroad to compete and spectate sport
what is globalisation?
a process that involves sport as a worldwide business which features corporate brands, media coverage and the freedom of movement for sport participants, spectators and officials
how does corporate brands affect globalisation of sport?
through the golden triangle- brands sponsor sports ( like BBC) which earn them contracts worth millions and exposure to the public. Brands also sponsor players
how does media coverage affect globalisation of sport?
players with large platforms which they have gained through their sport - will be sponsored by big corporate brands. This increases exposure for the brand to the players large platform. Players are the main beneficiaries from these deals. Due to advances in technology, apps were created that fans can follow their favourite players anywhere anytime
how did freedom of movement affect globalisation of sport?
people from all over the world would love to more dominant playing country’s to earn a higher income to support themselves (rags to riches). Over time more people began playing sports professionally in countries they did not originate from ( enabled by national and international laws)
how did coporate brands negatively impact globalisation?
athletes would expose the brands 24/7 therefor the athletes had t maintain their image - this put a lot of pressure on the players - this pressure may lead to cheating in games as the players wants to keep their sponsors
how did media coverage negatively impact globalisation?
players gained a massive online audience - this lead to players being pressured to meet desires of their fans - this bc an lead to cheating within games and negative impacts on the player mentality
how did freedom on movement negatively impact globalisation
many players moved around the world to play - this meant migration rates increased which prevented home grown players as this was a constant occurrence
What is the origins of the Olympics?
- orginally heald in greece from 8th century BC to 4th century AD
- modern games inspired by ancient games
- an attractive proposition fo the host city and country
When was the olympics established?
1896
who established the olympics?
baron pierre de coubertin
why did coubertin establish the olympics?
he wanted to bring countries together and to provide healthy competition away from politics
what are the aims of the olympics? (4)
- to promote the development of physical and moral qualities i sport
- to educate young people through sport which helped to build a better and more peaceful world
- to unite nations through sport
- to spread olympic principles creating international goodwill
what were the olympic values ?
- encourage effort: strive for excellence (determination and trying your best)
- preserve human dignity: respect everyone
- develop harmony: celebrate friendship between nations through friendly competition
What is the role of the British Olympics Association
to prepare the nations best athletes before the olympics
what is the BOA responsible for?
planning and execution of the summer and winter olympics
when was the BOA formed
1905
How does the BOA have no political impact?
it is not funded or controlled by the government as it relies solely on sponsorship - this removes politics from the event altogether
When was the IOC formed?
in 1844 by the paris congress
what is the role of the IOC
the members organise where the vent takes place (what city/country)
where did the paralympics orginate from?
originated from a sporting competition for world war victims in stoke mandeville
what are the paralympic values?
- determination
- courage
- equality
- inspiration
do hosting global events + the olympic political events
berlin,palestine, mexico, soviet, usa - social,sport,political,economical
what are the four impacts of hosting global events
social, sporting, economical and poltical
what are the positive sporting impacts of hosting a global event?
- raised the profile of sports therefore more people watched/played
- new/ upgraded facilities and venues
- minority sports gained increased funding which helped increase the profile of the sports
- increase in sponsorships and commercial income
what are the negative sporting impacts of hosting a global event?
- after the event, there is a gradual decline in sport participation
- lesser sports suffer once funding is removed
- new facilities may end up not being used
- sport deviance is more likely to be highlighted
what are positive social impacts of hosting a global event?
- more money given to the hot county therefore this was used for public services i.e. teaching, police, transport etc.
- provide pride to a nations wellbeing
- improved sport facilities for local communities which raised morale
-can lead to improved transport systems
-can help housing issues (new buildings used)
what are the negative social impacts of hosting a global event?
- some areas of the country may not get the same facility opportunities
- some parts do not get improved transport systems
- local inhabitants may be forced to vacate land as its being used for the Olympics
what are the positive economical impacts of hosting global events?
- more money is brought into the country
- more jobs are created through infrastructure building
- increases the tourism of the country
- commercial benefit for local businesses
what are the negative economical impacts of hosting global events
- building for the events can be expensive
- the event often goes over budget costing the country millions
- jobs are often temporary and leaving millions unemployed
what are the positive political impacts of hosting global events
- political parties can gain credit for helping their bids in the election
- can give countries a sense of purpose and put political differences aside
- countries can be used as a shop window: display all the positives of the country, increasing tourism
what are the negative political impacts of hosting global events?
- events can cost too much, people begin to not believe in their party
- risk factors like terrorism are high, which can place pressure on the party
