sport psychology Flashcards
1
Q
what is personality
A
the sum total of an individuals characteristics which make the human unique
2
Q
what are the 3 perspective views on personality development
A
- trait perspective
- social learning
- interactionist approach
3
Q
what is the personality traits perspective
A
traits are characteristics of personality that are inherited
- behavior is generically programmed
- behavior can be predictable in various situations
4
Q
what is the type A and Type B theory
A
Type A people are impatient, intolerable and have high levels of stress
Type B people are relaxed, tolerant and have low levels of stress
5
Q
why is the type A vs Type B theory inconclusive in sport
A
anxiety levels can intervene
- awareness of these levels can help create strategies
6
Q
what are the characteristics of someone with a Type A personality
A
impatient
intolerable
higher levels of stress
competitive
higher drive to succeed
like control
work fast
7
Q
what are the characteristics of someone with a Type B personality
A
relaxed
tolerable
lower levels of stress
not competitive
lacks desire to succeed
doesn’t like control
works slowly
8
Q
what is the Type A & B theory called
A
the narrow band theory - girdano
9
Q
what is a stable person
A
a person that remains constant and predictable
10
Q
what is an unstable person
A
someone that is changeable and unpredictable
11
Q
what is extroversion
A
an individual who seeks out social interaction and excitement but lacks concentration
12
Q
what is introversion
A
an individual who does not seek out social interaction and likes quiet but is good at concentrating
13
Q
what is the RAS
A
Reticular Activating System
14
Q
what is the relevance of the RAS to personality
A
it can determine whether an individual is an introvert or an extrovert
15
Q
do extroverts or introverts have higher arousal levels
A
introverts have higher arousal levels therefore they tend to avoid seeking social situations
16
Q
why is the trait approach not the most reliable
A
- behavior is not always predictable
- does not account that people adapt their behavior dependent of situations
17
Q
what is the social learning theory
A
the belief that behavior is learnt through interaction with the environment
-initiated through observation and endorsed through social reinforcement
18
Q
according to the social learning theory, how is personalities shaped
A
the behaviour of those around us and we adopt them from role models
19
Q
why is the social learning personality theory not 100% reliable
A
- does not factor in genetically inherited factors
-it only provides one standard answer for how personality is shaped - some people may not adapt to behavior they are surrounded by
20
Q
what is the interactionist approach
A
belief that both trait and social learning play a role in personality development
- personality is modified and behaviour is formed when generically inherited traits interact with the environment in any situation
21
Q
what is the hollander theory of 1967
A
an individual has 3 levels that interact to form personality
B = f (PE)
behaviour = personality x environment
22
Q
what are the three levels of the hollander theory
A
psychological care
typical response
role-related behaviour
23
Q
what is the inner core of the hollander theory and what is it about
A
psychological care is the individuals true self and is thought to be hard to access due to being protected
- it is stable and consistent
24
Q
what is the middle section of the hollander theory and what is it about
A
typical response is changeable and learnt behaviour that reflect the makeup of and individuals personality core
25
what is the outer core of the hollander theory and what is it about?
role related behaviour is the surface of an individual’s personality
- determines the individual’s perception of their environment
- not a real indicator of an individual personality
26
why does the interactionist approach explain sport behaviour
it offers an explanation on why personalities of sport performers change in different situations
27
what is attitude
ideas charged with emotion which predisposes a class of actions to a particular class of social situations
28
what are the three components of attitude
beliefs
emotions
behavioural actions
29
what is the belief component of attitude
the cognitive element of the individuals attitude, formed from past experiences and learnt from parents/peers
30
what is the emotions component of attitude
emotions associated with that activity
- developed from past
31
what is the behavioural actions component of attitudes
behaviour response to situation will reveal attitude towards situation
- participation = individuals enjoyments therefore their attitude towards sport is positive
32
what is the behavioural actions component of attitudes
behaviour will reveal attitude
- participation = individuals enjoyments therefore their attitude towards sport is positive
33
what is the Fishbein and Ajzen research in 1975
prediction of behaviour is best based upon the individuals behavioural intention
- environment & family/friends can influence behaviour
34
what is the persuasive communication theory
the effectiveness of changing/developing an attitude depends on
- the person doing the persuasion
- the quality of the message
- the characteristics of the person who is being persuaded
35
how does the person doing the persuading affect the persuasive communication theory
someone of higher status/ role model/position of authority to the individual is more likely to be listened to
36
how does the quality of the message affect the persuasive communication theory
the message must make sense and be believable
- information should be accurate and cear
37
how does the characteristics of the person being persuaded affect the persuasive communication theory
intelligence effects effectiveness of the persuasion taking place
- individual may be intelligence and understand but not accept it/ change attitude
38
what is cognitive dissonance
when disharmony is created between 2 or more beliefs, resulting in beliefs changing
39
what did festinger in 1957 state in regards to stabalising behaviour/attitudes
all three components of the triadic model (belief, emotions, behaviourial actions) must be consistent
40
what is a positive attitude to PE
the individual
- knows the value if exercise
- enjoys exercise
- is the good performer
- shows excitement
- challenge social norms
41
what is negative attitude to PE
the individual
- dislikes exercise
- has no success
- has stress and anxiety due to PE
42
what is a social norm
behaviours thay are deemed normal within a culture & created through the process of socialisation
43
what is culture
members of a community learning certain behavoiurs that are shared among those within the community of people/society
44
what is a stereotype
a belief held by a collection of people about traits shared by a certain category of a person
45
what is motivation
the internal mechanisms and external stimuli which arouse and direct behaviour
46
what three factors affect motivation
- individuals inner drive towards a goal
- external pressures & rewards that are perceived in the environment
- the intensity and direction of our behaviour
47
what is intrinsic motivation
internal drives or emotional drive sthat help us participate/perform well
- satisfaction, pride, personal accomplishment
- physical well being
48
what is extrinsic motivation
from outer sources
- can be powerful in determing an idividuals drive to learn/perfect a skill
- can be form of rewards, trophies, bagdes or external pressure
49
what is arousal
the intensity of behaviour or the amount of drive we experience to achieve something
50
examples of psychological arousal
- alertness
- tension
- excitement
- sleeping difficulties
- fear/ anger
51
examples of phyiological arousal
- increased HR
- increased breathing
- sweating
- butterflies
52
what is the drive theory
higher the arousal of an individual, the better their response to stimuli
- performance depends on how the individuals learnt dominant response to a stimuli is intensified
- p = f(h x d) performance = function of habits multiplied by drive
53
what is drive reduction
when drive is being fulfilled and drive is reduced as there is no longer motivation to complete drive as it has already been fulfilled
54
what is the inverted U theory
belief that arousal levels will increase up to an optimum- producing the individuals optimum performance
- once past optimum, performance levels will decrease due to anxiety caused by over arousal
55
how does skill levels affect how arousal affects individual ( inverted u theory)
highly skilled - can cope w higher levels
beginner- performance will deteriorate as they cannot cope and may lose concentration/ may get anxious
56
what amount of arousal is optimal for a skilled individual vs a beginner
beginner - low arousal levels
highly skilled - high arousal levels
57
how does type of activity affect an individuals performance levels
some sports/activities will require low arousal therefore high arousal would deteriorate their performance
(vise versa)
58
how does personality effect an individuals performance levels
introverts will perform better under low arousal conditions whereas extroverts will perform better under high arousal situations
59
what is the catastrophe theory for performance levels
the relationship between somatic and cognitive arousal
- how their independent levels affect an individuals performance
- high cog + low som = high performance
- high cog + high som = sudden deterioration
60
what is cognitive anxiety
anxiety experienced by the mind
" thoughts , nervousness, apprehension, or worry that a performer has about their lack of ability to complete a task successfully"
61
what is somatic anxiety
anxiety experienced physiologically or of/from the body
"physiological responses to a situation where a performer feels that they maybe unable to cope - symptoms include : increased HR, sweaty hands, muscle tension, sweating and nausea"
62
what is anxiety
our feelings of being threatened
- threat of physical harm
- threat to our self esteem
- threat of letting others down
- fear of punishment
63
what s competitive anxiety
tendency to perceive competitive situations as threatening, and responds with apprehension and tension
64
what is trait anxiety
innate anxiety trait in an individual - high trait anxiety means more likely to respond to situations with apprehension
65
what 7 things are needed to maintain/reach the zone of optimal functioning
1. be relexed
2. be confident
3. be completely focused
4. effortless activity
5. automatic movements
6. fun
7. be in control of body and behavior
66
what is cue utilization
concentrating on cues that are relevant at particular times
67
what is aggression
intent to harm outside the rules of the game
68
what is assertion
forceful behavior within the laws of the event
69
what are the four theories of aggression
- instinct
- frustration-aggression theory
- aggression cue hypothesis
- social learning
70
what is the instinct theory of aggression
aggression is a genetically inherited trait and that individuals will release aggression when they need to.
- aggression is innate and generalizes behavior of individuals
71
what is the frustration-aggression theory of aggression
aggression is inevitable when frustration is caused dur to our goals being blocked/ having obstacles
- if aggression is released, catharsis can take place
- aggression can build up if not released
72
what is the social learning theory of aggression
when aggression is copied and reinforced from role models etc
- learnt from people around us who also act aggressive
73
what is the aggression cue theory of aggression
aggression will only occur when aggression cues are present
- pre learnt cues that trigger a aggressive response
74
what are the main arguments against the instinct theory of aggression
- evolutionary close relatives are expected to act aggressive, but do not
- human aggression is often not spontaneous
- aggression is often learnt, many cultural differences back this
- the view is too simple and general
75
what are the main arguments against the frustration-aggression theory
- frustration does not always lead to aggression
- aggression does not always come from a place of aggresion
- aggression can lead to catharsis
76
how can aggression be prevented
- control arousal levels w/ stress management
- avoid situations that initiate aggression
- remove aggressive player from the situation
- reinforce non-aggressive behavior w/ rewards
- show/highlight non aggressive role models and their success
- punish aggression
- highlight positions of responsibility
77
how can aggression be prevented
- control arousal levels w/ stress management
- avoid situations that initiate aggression
- remove aggressive player from the situation
- reinforce non-aggressive behavior w/ rewards
- show/highlight non aggressive role models and their success
- punish aggression
- highlight positions of responsibility
78
what is social facilitation
the positive influence of others, who may be watching or competing, on a sports performance
79
what is social inhibition
the negative influence of others, who may be watching or competing, leading to a decrease in sport performance
80
how does arousal levels affect performance during social facilitation?
- they will increase in the presence of an audience or other competitors
- high arousal means dominant response is more likely to occur
81
how can the dominant response differ when arousal levels rise
- easy skill or expert, dominant response will be correct and the performer will improve
- complex skill or novice, dominant response will be incorrect and performance will decrease/ performer will decline
82
what is evaluation apprehension
the idea that arousal levels only increase when others are evaluating or judging the individuals performance
83
what are the strategies to minimize social inhibition
shutting the audience so that the individual can mentally prepare fir their task
- imagery & relaxation techniques
training w audiences so the athletes are used to them
- teaching skills in a non-evaluative atmosphere
- calm and focused instructions
84
what effects does an audiences presence have on introverts/extroverts
introverts - high arousal levels can lead to anxiety and performance deterioration as they already have high arousal levels
extroverts - high arousal levels can lead to optimal performance levels and confidence as they seek high arousal level situations
85
how does audience presence affect beginners / expert performers
beginners - may cause a rise in anxiety and decrease in confidence, leading to a decline in performance
experts- may give confidence and a sense of pride to performer which will enhance performance
86
how does audience presence affect simple / complex skill
simple - heighten arousals levels therefore performance is facilitated
complex - can inhibit performance as complex skills require low arousal levels for optimal performance
87
how does audience presence affect gross / fine skills
gross - highness arousal levels therefore perforce is facilitated
fine - can inhibit performance as complex skills require low arousal levels for optimal performance
88
what is a group
a collection of people who both share similar goals and interact with another
89
who developed the four staged model of group development in 1965
Tuckerman
90
what are the four stages of group development according to the Tuckerman model
forming
storming
norming
performing
91
what happens during the forming stage of the Tuckerman model
- there is a high dependancy on leader for guidance and direction
- individual roles of members are unclear
- members get to know each other
- little agreements on aims of the team
92
what happens during the storming stage of the Tuckerman model
- leader gains a more advisory/coach role
- member jostle for position in the team to establish themselves in relation to other members
- clear focus for the team but still uncertainties remain
93
what happens during the norming stage of the Tuckerman model
- respect for leader
- group has agreements on opinions
- friendly and sense of unity
- individual roles / responsibility clear
- leadership can get shared
94
what happens during the performing stage of the Tuckerman model
- leader has no participation or interference
- team makes decisions together
- members are all trusted
- clear views on aims and goals
- disagreements solved positively
- team members may ask leader for help w personal & interpersonal issues
95
what is cohesion according to Festinger 1963
the total field of forces which act on members to remain in a group
96
what are the two cohesion's dimensions
group integration
individual attraction
97
who identified the 2 cohesion dimension
carron in 1980
98
what is group integration
how members feel about the group as a whole
99
what is individual attraction
how attracted the individual is to the group
100
what is team cohesion
motivation which attracts individuals to the group and the resistance of the members to the group breaking up
101
what is steiner model of 1972
the relationship between individuals in a group and their performance
actual productivity = potential productivity - losses due to faulty processes
102
according to the Steiner 1972 model, what causes faulty processes
1- coordination problems
2- motivation problems
1 - timing & coordination may not always match within team members
2- individuals ma\y not all be motivated to the same extent
103
what is the ringelmann effect
individual performance decreases as group size increases
(tug of war experiment)
104
what is social loafing (Latane 1979)
motivational losses where individual don't try as hard whilst working in a team
105
How to reduce/combat social loathing
- create strategies w coach to develop highlighted aspects of the individuals performance
- feedback (positive/negative)
- coaches can select on interactive skills
- peer pressure may cause social loathing but may also combat it
causes it : player feels not good enough and loses motivation
combats it : player has motivation to do better to be like their team mates.
