Sport & Society Flashcards
Feudal System
Structuring society around a relationship derived from the holding of land in exchange for service or labour
Popular Recreation
Sports and pastimes associated with the Lower Class of Pre-Industrial Britain
Codification
The gradual organisation and defining of the rules - for the actual playing of sport, as well as the conduct of behaviour of participants
Industrial Revolution
A period, between the 18th and 19th centuries, that marked a change in Britain. From a Rural, Feudal society. To an industrialised, machine-based, capitalist society.
Controlled by powerful, urban Middle class
Broken-Time Payments
Financial payments made to factory workers/amateurs to compensate them for the time they had to take off to compete
Athleticism
A fanatical devotion to sport involving high levels of physical endeavour and moral integrity
Industrial Patronage
The setting up of factory teams by factory owners as a way of decreasing absenteeism and encouraging loyalty in the workforce
Urbanisation
Large numbers of people migrating from rural areas into towns and cities seeking regular work in the factories
Philanthropists
Kind, generous, middle-class individuals who had a social conscience and were keen to try and provide for a better life among the working class
British Empire
A worldwide system of dependencies that, over a time-span of three centuries, were brought under the rule and administration of Great Britain
Public Provision
Local council provision of facilities to allow the masses to participate
Social Class
A term used to reflect social inequalities
Factors that contribute include person’s job, family background, education and income
Public School
A private, fee-paying secondary school
National Governing Bodies (NGBs)
An organisation responsible for managing its own particular sport
Amateur
A person who plays sport for the love of it and receives no financial gain.
Professional
A person who plays sport for financial gain
Lawn Tennis
Originally called ‘Sphairistike’
- Played on an hourglass court before changing to modern day specs
Bosman Ruling (1995)
A court ruling which gave Footballers the right to a free-transfer at the end of their contract
Digital Terrestrial Television (DTT)
The most common television service in the world.
(70 free-to-air channels, 15 HD, and 30 radio services)
Replaced old analogue television service
Open Era
When professional tennis players could compete alongside amateurs and earn money
The Golden Triangle
Media
Commercialisation
Sponsorship
Media
Organised means of communication by which large numbers of people can be reached quickly
Commercialisation
Treating sport as a commodity
Involving the buying and selling of assets, with market force as the driving factor
Sponsorship
When a company pays for it products to be publicly displayed or advertised. In an attempt to increases sales
Globalisation
The process whereby nations are being increasingly linked together.
People are becoming more interdependent via improvements in communication and travel
Society
An organised group of people associated for some specific purpose or with a shared common interest
National Identity
A person’s sense of belonging to one state or nation.
The sense of a nation as a cohesive whole
Represented by distinctive traditions, culture, language and politics
National Pride
A feeling of attachment to one’s homeland.
Alliance with other citizen who share the same pride
(e.g: Patriotism)
Socialisation
A lifelong process whereby members of a society learn its norms, values, ideas, practices and roles in order to take their place in that society
Primary Socialisation
Socialisation that occurs in the early years of childhood
Takes place with immediate family
Secondary Socialisation
Socialisation that occurs in later years of life - teenager etc
Family is less involved and other ‘agencies’ are more directly impactful
e.g: Peer groups, Friends and school
Internalisation
The learning of values or attitudes that are incorporated within yourself
Social Control
A concept that refers to the way in which people’s thoughts, feelings, appearance and behaviour are regulated in social systems
Institution
An established organisation founded for a religious, educational, professional or social purpose
Social Processes
Forms of social interaction between individuals and groups that occur again and again
Social Change
An alteration in the social order of a society
i.e: significant changes in social behaviours and/or cultural values over time, leading to long-term effects
Social Issues
Problems/conflicts that influence a considerable number of individuals in a society
Examples:
- Discrimination based on gender, disability or ethnic group.
- Drug abuse and Low activity patterns leading to obesity and health problems
Inequality
The unfair situation in which resources or opportunities are distributed unevenly within a society
Social Stratification
A type of social inequality in which society is divided into different levels based on social characteristics.
Such as: Wealth, social status or Derived power
Social-Economic Factors
(affecting activity levels)
S.O.C.I.O.
S - Social Support
- Lack of social support to encourage activity = Low Activity
O - Opportunities (restricted/deprived of in local area)
- Lack of facilities = Low Activity
C - Confidence
- Low levels of self-esteem = Low Activity
I - Income
- Low Income/High Costs for activities = Low Activity
O - Overweight
- Poor diet/Health issues = Low Activity
Solutions to participation issues
- Publicise available opportunities
- Make opportunities affordable
- Taster Sessions
- Activities that appeal to specific groups (targeted groups)
- Schemes and Initiatives via NGBs and Sport England (Street Games)
Social Action Theory
A way of viewing socialisation that emphasises the proactive role of people in shaping social life
Looks at how people interact with one another, examining cause-and-effect relationships
Progression
The process of gradually developing towards the more, advanced state
Interactionist Approach
Social action theories are sometimes called “Interactionist Theories”
The study of how individuals behave within a society - Co-operation/Conflict which occurs when humans interact
Equal Opportunities
Treating people fairly, giving people the same chance
Discrimination
The unfair treatment of a person or minority group, distinguishing and acting on prejudice
Prejudice
An unfavourable opinion of an individual, often based on inadequate facts, dislike of people/religion/ethnicity, which can negatively affect the treatment of a performer from a minority ethnic group (by a coach, for example)
Stereotyping
A standardised image/belief shared by society; making simple generalisations, often untrue, about all members of a group, which allows others to categorise and treat them accordingly.
E.g: Stereotypes about women negatively impact female participation in a sport/in general, deeming certain sports to be inappropriate
Barriers to Sport Participation
Lack of Time
Negative Social Influences; poor PE experiences
Lack of Motivation
Lack of Skill
Lack of Resources/Cost of Participation
Family obligations/domestic responsibilities
Solutions for Barriers to Participation
Add physical activity to daily routine
Invite friends/family to participate with you - join a social group of participants
Invite a friend to exercise with you on a regular basis - join a schedule class
Select activities that require few or no skill
Select activities that don’t require facilities/equipment (low costs)
Exercise with children/family
Barriers affecting Disability
and their solutions
Lack of confidence
Low income + High costs for participation
Lack of access to adequate facilities
Lower levels of media coverage
Stereotypes
Provide opportunities, investment, transportation
Improve technology enabling greater participation
Training specialist coaches to teach specialised participation
Barriers affecting Ethnicity and their solutions
- Conflicts with religious/culture
- Higher value placed on education as opposed to sport participation
- Fear of Racism, Prejudice, Discrimination
- Fear of rejection - low self-esteem
- Stereotyping
- Language barriers
- Training coaches of various ethnic backgrounds
- Punishing any racial abuse
- Campaigns against racism/prejudice
Racism
A set of beliefs or ideas based on the assumption that races have distinct hereditary characteristics that give some an intrinsic superiority over others - may lead to verbal/physical abuse
Stacking
The disproportionate concentration of people from minority ethnic groups in certain positions in a sports team, which tends to be based on the stereotype that they are more valuable for their physicality, than for their decision-making and communication qualities
Channelling
When people from minority groups are pushed into certain sports and given certain positions within a team, based on physical stereotypes/assumptions about them
Reasons for Under-representation of Women in sport - and solutions
- Stereotypical myths still in society - women lack aggression/physical prowess for certain sports
- Pressures about appearance - appearing thin/attractive over being healthy
- Lack of appealing school sports activities
- Fewer leagues/opportunities for female sports
- Introducing and Enforcing laws against gender discrimination
- Encouraging social acceptance of women having careers
- Encouraging shared domestic/childcare responsibilities
- Increased media coverage of women’s sports
- Providing more opportunities for women to join sports clubs
Benefits of Raising (General) Participation
Day-to-Day:
- Improved posture
- Increased bone density
- Improved mental well-being
- Increased CV fitness
- Increased flexibility/agility/co-ordination
- Easier for older people to carry out daily tasks
Long-Term:
- Decreased osteoporosis risk
- Decreased risk of depression/anxiety
- Reduced body weight - decreased chance of heart disease/stroke
- Possible to decrease risk of developing types of cancers
Social Benefits:
- Better communication/teamwork
- More approachable, make friends
National Partners
- Child Protection in Sport Unit - Helps safeguard children in sport
- Activity Alliance - increases sport/physical activity in disabled groups
- Cricket Foundation - increases opportunities for youth to play cricket
- Football Foundation - charity investing in community sports facilities, to improve experience of sport participation
- Sporting Equals - promoting participation in all under-represented groups
- SportsAid - works with NGBs to ensure young talent is funded
- Sports Coach UK/UK Coaching - support to recruit and develop coaches
- Sport & Recreation Alliance - advice, support and guidance to its members, to ensure growth of grassroots
- Street Games - bring sport to peoples doorstep (in disadvantaged communities)
- Women in Sport - helps break down barriers to women in sport
