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A-Level PE (AQA) - Definitions > Applied Anatomy & Physiology > Flashcards

Applied Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

When arteries harden & narrow and become blocked by fatty deposits (Atheroma)

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2
Q

Aerobic

A

A reaction which occurs it the presence of oxygen

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3
Q

Anaerobic

A

A reaction which occurs in the absence of oxygen

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4
Q

Lactic Acid

A

A by-product of Anaerobic Respiration
Causes Fatigue

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5
Q

Cardiac Hypertrophy

A

Heart Muscles become bigger and stronger

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6
Q

Bradycardia

A

When resting HR decreases below 60bpm

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7
Q

Adrenaline

A

A stress hormone released to stimulate the heart

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8
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

Part of the brain, which regulates essential processes

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9
Q

Vascular Shunting

A

Redistribution of Cardiac Output to where it is needed most

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10
Q

Vaso-Constriction/Dilation

A

The narrowing/widening of blood vessels to discourage/encourage blood flow

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11
Q

Myoglobin

A

Protein in the muscles with a higher affinity with O2 than Haemoglobin
Stores and provides O2 to the muscle cell

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12
Q

Mitochondria

A

The site of Respiration and Energy production
The ‘Powerhouse’ of the cell

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13
Q

Bohr Shift

A

The reduction of Haemoglobin’s affinity with O2
Due to the increased CO2/decreased pH levels in the blood

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14
Q

Venous Return

A

Return of blood to the right side of the heart (through Vena Cava)

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15
Q

Systolic

A

Contraction

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16
Q

Diastolic

A

Relaxation

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17
Q

Ejection Fracture

A

% of ventricle volume successfully pumped out of left ventricle, per beat

Vol. Pumped out / Vol. Ventricle capacity
x100

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18
Q

Cardiovascular Drift

A

The decrease in Stroke Volume
& Decrease in Arterial Blood Pressure

With the increase of HR (to maintain Cardiac Output)

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19
Q

A-VO2 Diff.

A

Difference in O2 content between Arterial & Venous Blood

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20
Q

Tidal Volume

A

Volume of Air in/out per breath

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21
Q

Minute Ventilation

A

Volume of Air in/out, per min

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22
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

Volume of Air forcibly inhaled after normal inspiration

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23
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

Volume of Air forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation

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24
Q

Residual Volume

A

Volume of Air remaining after maximal exhalation
(Unchanging)

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25
Q

Gaseous Exchange

A

Movement of O2 from air to blood
Movement of CO2 from blood to air

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26
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of gas from high to low concentration

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27
Q

Partial Pressure

A

The pressure exerted by an individual gas when it exists with a mixture

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28
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

The difference in Partial Pressure between to media
Indicates the rate of diffusion

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29
Q

Pulmonary Ventilation

A

The process of breathing

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30
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Detects changes in pH levels

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31
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Detects changes in Pressure

32
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Detect changes in muscle movement & tension

33
Q

Motor Unit

A

The motor neurone & its muscle fibres

34
Q

Motor Neurone

A

A nerve cell that sends impulses from brain and spine to the muscles

35
Q

All or None Law

A

Fibres of a Neurone either contract fully or not at all

36
Q

Twitch

A

A single activation of a motor neurone stimulating a fibre

37
Q

Wave Summation

A

Repeated activation of a motor neurone stimulating a fibre results in a greater force of contraction

38
Q

Tetanic Contraction

A

A sustained, powerful muscle contraction caused by a series of fast repeating stimuli

39
Q

Spatial Summation

A

When the strength of contraction varies by altering the number and size of the muscles motor units

Involves the recruitment of additional, bigger motor units and fast-twitch motor units to develop more force

40
Q

PNF

A

Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation

41
Q

CRAC

A

Method of PNF
Contract-Relax-Agonist-Contract

42
Q

Muscle Spindles

A

Proprioceptors that detect how far & how fast a muscle is being stretched, and produce the stretch reflex

43
Q

Golgi Tendons

A

Structures that detect levels of tension in the muscle

Override the stretch reflex with inhibitory signals, allowing the antagonist to relax and lengthen

44
Q

Autogenic Inhibition

A

Where there is a sudden relaxation of a muscle in response to high tension

(Golgi Tendons cause this response)

45
Q

Articulating Bones

A

Bones that meet and move as a joint

46
Q

Abduction

A

Movement away from midline of the body

47
Q

Adduction

A

Movement towards the midline of the body

48
Q

Agonist

A

The muscle responsible for the movement that is occuring

49
Q

Antagonist

A

The muscle which works in opposition to the agonist to help produce a coordinated movement

50
Q

Isotonic Contraction

A

When a muscle contracts to create movement

(Muscle changes length)

Two types: Concentric & Eccentric

51
Q

Concentric Contraction

A

When a muscle shortens under tension

52
Q

Eccentric Contraction

A

When a muscle lengthens under tension

53
Q

Isometric Contraction

A

When a muscle contracts but does not change length when doing so

54
Q

(ATP)

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

The only usable form of energy in the body

55
Q

Glycolysis

A

The breakdown of Glucose into Pyruvic Acid

56
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

A series of cyclical chemical reactions that take place using oxygen in the matrix of the mitochondria

57
Q

Electron Transport Chain
(ETC)

A

A series of chemical reactions in the cristae of the mitochondria, in which hydrogen is oxidised into water and 34 ATP is produced

58
Q

Sarcoplasm

A

The fluid that surrounds the nucleus of a muscle fibre - the site where anaerobic respiration takes place

59
Q

Beta Oxidation

A

A process in which fatty acids are broken down to generate Acetyl-CoA, which enters the Krebs Cycle

60
Q

Phosphocreatine (PC)

A

An energy rich phosphate compound found in the sarcoplasm of the muscles

61
Q

Energy Continuum

A

A term that describes which type of energy system is used for different types of physical activity. The contribution of each system depends on the intensity and duration of the activity

62
Q

Lactate Threshold

A

The point at which Lactic Acid accumulates rapidly in the blood

(Accumulates faster than the body can expel it)
(Causing build-up)

63
Q

Onset Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA)

A

The point during exercise at which lactate levels go above 4 mmol/L

64
Q

VO2 max

A

The maximum volume of blood the body can consume per minute (per kilogram of weight)
(ml/kg/min)

65
Q

Buffering

A

A process that aids the removal of lactate and maintains acidity levels in the blood
(Increased rate of Lactate removal)
(Chemical Sponge)

66
Q

Oxygen Consumption

A

The amount of oxygen we use to produce ATP

67
Q

Submaximal Oxygen Deficits

A

When there is not enough oxygen at the start of an exercise to provide all the energy (ATP) aerobically
(Oxygen debt created)

68
Q

Maximal Oxygen deficit

A

The difference between the estimated oxygen costs for the exercise and the accumulated oxygen uptake
(Body can’t supply oxygen to meet demands of exercise intensity)

69
Q

Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)

A

The amount of oxygen consumed during recovery above that which would have been consumed at rest during the same time

(Increased levels of o2 consumption directly following exercise, due to the oxygen debt built up from exercise)

70
Q

Fast EPOC

A

The restoration of ATP and PC stores, and the resaturation of myoglobin with oxygen

(Extra oxygen used to refill stores and resaturate myoglobin)
(Full restoration = 3 mins)
(Half restoration = 30 secs)

71
Q

Oxidation

A

The gain of oxygen by a substance

72
Q

Cori Cycle

A

The process in which lactic acid is transported in the blood to the liver, where it is converted to blood glucose and glycogen

73
Q

Direct Gas Analysis

A

A laboratory technique that measures the concentration of oxygen that is inspired and the concentration of CO2 that is expired

74
Q

Cycle Ergometer

A

A stationary bike that measures how much work is being done

75
Q

Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)

A

The ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed
(0.7 = Fat primary (Aerobic))
(0.85 = Mixed fuel source (Aero))
(1.0 = Carb primary (Anaerobic))

76
Q

Plyometrics

A

Repeated, rapid stretching and contracting of muscles to increase muscle power

A-Level PE (AQA) - Definitions (7 decks)

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