Applied Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
Atherosclerosis
When arteries harden & narrow and become blocked by fatty deposits (Atheroma)
Aerobic
A reaction which occurs it the presence of oxygen
Anaerobic
A reaction which occurs in the absence of oxygen
Lactic Acid
A by-product of Anaerobic Respiration
Causes Fatigue
Cardiac Hypertrophy
Heart Muscles become bigger and stronger
Bradycardia
When resting HR decreases below 60bpm
Adrenaline
A stress hormone released to stimulate the heart
Medulla Oblongata
Part of the brain, which regulates essential processes
Vascular Shunting
Redistribution of Cardiac Output to where it is needed most
Vaso-Constriction/Dilation
The narrowing/widening of blood vessels to discourage/encourage blood flow
Myoglobin
Protein in the muscles with a higher affinity with O2 than Haemoglobin
Stores and provides O2 to the muscle cell
Mitochondria
The site of Respiration and Energy production
The ‘Powerhouse’ of the cell
Bohr Shift
The reduction of Haemoglobin’s affinity with O2
Due to the increased CO2/decreased pH levels in the blood
Venous Return
Return of blood to the right side of the heart (through Vena Cava)
Systolic
Contraction
Diastolic
Relaxation
Ejection Fracture
% of ventricle volume successfully pumped out of left ventricle, per beat
Vol. Pumped out / Vol. Ventricle capacity
x100
Cardiovascular Drift
The decrease in Stroke Volume
& Decrease in Arterial Blood Pressure
With the increase of HR (to maintain Cardiac Output)
A-VO2 Diff.
Difference in O2 content between Arterial & Venous Blood
Tidal Volume
Volume of Air in/out per breath
Minute Ventilation
Volume of Air in/out, per min
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Volume of Air forcibly inhaled after normal inspiration
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Volume of Air forcibly exhaled after normal exhalation
Residual Volume
Volume of Air remaining after maximal exhalation
(Unchanging)
Gaseous Exchange
Movement of O2 from air to blood
Movement of CO2 from blood to air
Diffusion
Movement of gas from high to low concentration
Partial Pressure
The pressure exerted by an individual gas when it exists with a mixture
Concentration Gradient
The difference in Partial Pressure between to media
Indicates the rate of diffusion
Pulmonary Ventilation
The process of breathing
Chemoreceptors
Detects changes in pH levels
Baroreceptors
Detects changes in Pressure
Proprioceptors
Detect changes in muscle movement & tension
Motor Unit
The motor neurone & its muscle fibres
Motor Neurone
A nerve cell that sends impulses from brain and spine to the muscles
All or None Law
Fibres of a Neurone either contract fully or not at all
Twitch
A single activation of a motor neurone stimulating a fibre
Wave Summation
Repeated activation of a motor neurone stimulating a fibre results in a greater force of contraction
Tetanic Contraction
A sustained, powerful muscle contraction caused by a series of fast repeating stimuli
Spatial Summation
When the strength of contraction varies by altering the number and size of the muscles motor units
Involves the recruitment of additional, bigger motor units and fast-twitch motor units to develop more force
PNF
Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation
CRAC
Method of PNF
Contract-Relax-Agonist-Contract
Muscle Spindles
Proprioceptors that detect how far & how fast a muscle is being stretched, and produce the stretch reflex
Golgi Tendons
Structures that detect levels of tension in the muscle
Override the stretch reflex with inhibitory signals, allowing the antagonist to relax and lengthen
Autogenic Inhibition
Where there is a sudden relaxation of a muscle in response to high tension
(Golgi Tendons cause this response)
Articulating Bones
Bones that meet and move as a joint
Abduction
Movement away from midline of the body
Adduction
Movement towards the midline of the body
Agonist
The muscle responsible for the movement that is occuring
Antagonist
The muscle which works in opposition to the agonist to help produce a coordinated movement
Isotonic Contraction
When a muscle contracts to create movement
(Muscle changes length)
Two types: Concentric & Eccentric
Concentric Contraction
When a muscle shortens under tension
Eccentric Contraction
When a muscle lengthens under tension
Isometric Contraction
When a muscle contracts but does not change length when doing so
(ATP)
Adenosine Triphosphate
The only usable form of energy in the body
Glycolysis
The breakdown of Glucose into Pyruvic Acid
Krebs Cycle
A series of cyclical chemical reactions that take place using oxygen in the matrix of the mitochondria
Electron Transport Chain
(ETC)
A series of chemical reactions in the cristae of the mitochondria, in which hydrogen is oxidised into water and 34 ATP is produced
Sarcoplasm
The fluid that surrounds the nucleus of a muscle fibre - the site where anaerobic respiration takes place
Beta Oxidation
A process in which fatty acids are broken down to generate Acetyl-CoA, which enters the Krebs Cycle
Phosphocreatine (PC)
An energy rich phosphate compound found in the sarcoplasm of the muscles
Energy Continuum
A term that describes which type of energy system is used for different types of physical activity. The contribution of each system depends on the intensity and duration of the activity
Lactate Threshold
The point at which Lactic Acid accumulates rapidly in the blood
(Accumulates faster than the body can expel it)
(Causing build-up)
Onset Blood Lactate Accumulation (OBLA)
The point during exercise at which lactate levels go above 4 mmol/L
VO2 max
The maximum volume of blood the body can consume per minute (per kilogram of weight)
(ml/kg/min)
Buffering
A process that aids the removal of lactate and maintains acidity levels in the blood
(Increased rate of Lactate removal)
(Chemical Sponge)
Oxygen Consumption
The amount of oxygen we use to produce ATP
Submaximal Oxygen Deficits
When there is not enough oxygen at the start of an exercise to provide all the energy (ATP) aerobically
(Oxygen debt created)
Maximal Oxygen deficit
The difference between the estimated oxygen costs for the exercise and the accumulated oxygen uptake
(Body can’t supply oxygen to meet demands of exercise intensity)
Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC)
The amount of oxygen consumed during recovery above that which would have been consumed at rest during the same time
(Increased levels of o2 consumption directly following exercise, due to the oxygen debt built up from exercise)
Fast EPOC
The restoration of ATP and PC stores, and the resaturation of myoglobin with oxygen
(Extra oxygen used to refill stores and resaturate myoglobin)
(Full restoration = 3 mins)
(Half restoration = 30 secs)
Oxidation
The gain of oxygen by a substance
Cori Cycle
The process in which lactic acid is transported in the blood to the liver, where it is converted to blood glucose and glycogen
Direct Gas Analysis
A laboratory technique that measures the concentration of oxygen that is inspired and the concentration of CO2 that is expired
Cycle Ergometer
A stationary bike that measures how much work is being done
Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER)
The ratio of CO2 produced to O2 consumed
(0.7 = Fat primary (Aerobic))
(0.85 = Mixed fuel source (Aero))
(1.0 = Carb primary (Anaerobic))
Plyometrics
Repeated, rapid stretching and contracting of muscles to increase muscle power
