Sport psychology

Question 1

What is a personality?

Answer 1

personality is the patterns of feeling and thought and the way we interact with our environment and other people which make us a unique person.

Question 2

What is a personality trait?

Answer 2

seen as generaliable and behaviour can be predicted in various situations.

Question 3

How are the personality traits referred to as?

Answer 3

they are referred to as:
Extroversion
Introversion
Stability
Neurosis

Question 4

What type of personalities are there?

Answer 4

Type A and Type B

Question 5

what are the characteristics of Type A personality?

Answer 5

Impatience
Intolerance
High stress levels

Question 6

what are the characteristics of Type B personality?

Answer 6

Relaxed
Tolerant approach
Lower stress levels

Question 7

what will it allow us to if we know some ones personality type?

Answer 7

allows us to know their anxiety levels e.g state anxiety

Question 8

what is Anxiety?

Answer 8

Negative emotional state, closely associated with arousal. experiencing apprehension and being aware of high arousal linked to our fear and worries.

Question 9

What is state Anxiety?

Answer 9

felt in a particular situation (e.g when taking a penalty) and has 2 types:
-Somatic
-Cognitive

Question 10

What is somatic and cognitive anxiety? (types of state anxiety)

Answer 10

Somatic;
is the response of body to tension, increased HR

Cognitive:
is the psychological worry over a situation

Question 11

state what is stable personality traits?

Answer 11

stable personality traits are being predictable and unchangeable e.g someone staying calm in most of the situation that they face or having anxiety in most situations.

Question 12

what is unstable personality traits or neurotic behaviour?

Answer 12

it is one that is changeable and unpredictable for example someone might be emotional aggressive but the amount of aggression might vary from time to time.

Question 13

Define the Drive Theory.

Answer 13

The higher the arousal the better the performance will be (linear).

Question 14

how can the performance of an athlete be enhance?

Answer 14

If the dominant response learned correct the performance will be enhanced and this can reach higher levels as the competition intensity increases.

Question 15

How can arousal effect beginner and professional?

Answer 15

for beginner arousal can decrease their performance as their dominant learnt response is incorrect but for professionals their performance will increase as their dominant learnt response is correct.

Question 16

when will Drive reduction occur?

Answer 16

it occurs when a performer driven to complete a task has reached their goals, so their motivation to compete is lost and their drive to improve is reduced. (also known as reactive inhibition)

Question 17

what does Inverted U Theory state?

Answer 17

it states that as arousal increases the level of performance also increases but to an optimum level.
Usually to moderate arousal levels.

Question 18

In Inverted U Theory when will the performance decrease?

Answer 18

when the arousal levels go past the moderate level.

Question 19

what level would a pistol shooter and archer want their arousal levels?

Answer 19

very low as they need to have low HR and breathing rate due them performing fine control movements.

Question 20

what level would rugby players and weightlifters want their arousal level on?

Answer 20

high due to the need for feeling energised as they need to performs gross movements

Question 21

Define Extroversion personality?

Answer 21

its a person who seeks social situations and like excitement but lacks concentration

Question 22

Define Introversion personality?

Answer 22

Its a person who has the traits of not seeking social situations and likes peace and quiet but are good at concentration.

Question 23

Define Arousal?

Answer 23

The “energized” or “readiness for action” that motivates us to behave in certain way.

Question 24

what does reticularactivating system (RAS) do to Extroversion personality?

Answer 24

they have RAS that inhibits or reduce the effect of external sensory stimuli (areas of brain experiences low levels of arousals).

Question 25

how do extroverts achieve high level of arousals.

Answer 25

more outgoing and seeks more external stimulation to achieve high levels of internal arousal.

Question 26

Example of Introversion personality?

Answer 26

Has high level of arousal naturally accruing within their brain, tend to avoid external stimulation, more likely to be shy, avoid social situations.

Question 27

Define social learning?

Answer 27

Social learning is when a person’s behaviour changes with the situation and environment, including imitating the behaviours of their significant other.

Question 28

example of social learning?

Answer 28

A novice football player admiring an elite footballer for their outstanding characteristics and the novice aiming to display similar characteristics.

Question 29

what does Interactionist approach to personality state about a person’s characteristics?

Answer 29

It states that we are born with certain characteristics but some of these characteristics can be modified when it interacts with the environment. These environmental factors can effect our personality and behaviour in those situations.

Question 30

Give a practical example of “Interactionist approach to personality”.

Answer 30

A football player might be shy and quiet (introverted) during warm up and training but when playing in a game they might be loud, aggressive (extroverted).

Question 31

What were the layered structure of Hollander (1971)?

Answer 31

1).The psychological core in which our permanent or our strong beliefs reside. This layer effects the next layer…

2).The middle layer reveals our typical or usual way of responding to certain situations.

3).An outer layer which is role-related behaviour and our typical response will be affected by circumstances and so our behaviour will be different at different time….

4). Around the outer layer is the social environment, which effects our role-related behaviour.

Question 32

The formula which explains the “Interactionist approach to personality”?

Answer 32

B = f(PE)

B= Behaviour
f= function or product of
P = Personality
E= Environment

Question 33

Define Self-actualisation?

Answer 33

an individuals desire to explore and understand the world so that they can grow personally and reach their potential.

Question 34

Explain what attitude is?

Answer 34

It is having a settled way of acting toward something or someone in a person’s environment.

Question 35

when does an attitude become prejudice?

Answer 35

when attitude is base on wrong information and unfair.

Question 36

define Prejudice?

Answer 36

when preconceived opinion based on faulty and inflexible generalisation.

Question 37

what are the components of an attitude in the triadic model of attitudes?

Answer 37

Beliefs
Emotions
Behaviour

Question 38

Explain the components of the triadic model?

Answer 38

Belief is the cognitive element

Emotion is the affective element

Behaviour is the behavioural element.

Question 39

what does the triadic model state?

Answer 39

that attitude if formed through influence on the 3 elements.

Question 40

what forms an individuals beliefs?

Answer 40

An individuals beliefs are formed through past experiences and the what they have learned form the people around them, especially significant others. cognitive element

Question 41

what forms an individuals emotions?

Answer 41

the satisfactions and enjoyment from past experiences. effective element

Question 42

what forms an individuals behaviour?

Answer 42

not always consistant with our attitude e.g. we may believe that exercise is good for us and enjoy it but we may not exercise very much.