Applied anatomy and physiology (skeletal and muscular system)

Question 1

What is a synovial joint?

Answer 1

its a type is joint that’s between bone and moves against each other.

Question 2

What are examples of a synovial joint?

Answer 2

Hinge joints:
Elbow
Knee
Ankle

Question 3

what is the make up of Elbow joint?

Answer 3

elbow joint is made of:
bones: Humerus, Ulna, Radius
joint cavity, articular cartilage and joint capsule

Question 4

What is the make up of Knee joint?

Answer 4

Knee joint is made up of:
muscles= rectus femoris
bones= Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula
Ligaments= Patellar tendon, posterior cruciate ligament, Anterior cruciate ligament, Lateral collateral ligament
between the joint is:
Articulating cartilage, Meniscus

Question 5

what movements can be created at hinge joints?

Answer 5

Flexion and Extension

Question 6

What is Extension and flexion?

Answer 6

Flexion is when the angle at the joint decreases
Extension is when the angle at joint increases

Question 7

What joint is elbow and how does it create flexion and extension?

Answer 7

Elbow is a hinge joint it creates flexion by contracting the biceps branchii and relaxing the triceps

EXTRA:
Biceps branchii and Triceps are attached to the humerus.

Question 8

which muscles contract to create flexion at knee joint?

Answer 8

Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus

Question 9

which muscles contract to create extension at knee joint?

Answer 9

Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius (lies beneath rectus femoris)
Vastus medialis

Question 10

Name the different muscle types.

Answer 10

Slow oxidative (Type 1)
fast oxidative glycolytic (Type 2a)
fast glycolytic (Type 2b)

Question 11

what is myoglobin?

Answer 11

it is a protein in muscles that is responsible for transporting oxygen to the mitochondria which releases energy.

Question 12

what are slow oxidative muscle fibres?

Answer 12

a type of muscle fibre rich in mitochondria, myoglobin and capillaries which produces a small amount of force over a long period of time

Question 13

what events is slow oxidative fibres best suited to?

Answer 13

long duration events

Question 14

What are fast oxidative glycoltic fibres?

Answer 14

Are muscle fibers that produce large amount of force quickly and allow athlete of high intensity events that lasts several minutes to resist fatigue e.g 800m

Question 15

what is Fast Glycolytic muscle fibres?

Answer 15

is a type of muscle fibres that is rich in phosphocreatine which produces maximal force over a very short period of time. e.g 100m sprint. anaerobically exercise

Question 16

need to add more here

Question 17

name the mechanisms that work together for breathing and gaseous exchange.

Answer 17

Nose, series of airways, and respiratory muscles.

Question 18

what are the 2 main respiratory system functions?

Answer 18

-pulmonary ventilation; inspiration and expiration

-gaseous exchange;
External respiration = movement of oxygen into the blood stream
and CO2 into lungs

Internal respiration  = release of oxygen to respire cells for energy 
reproduction and collection of waste products

Question 19

summarize the structure of respiratory system.

Answer 19

Air drawn into nasal cavity, (through nose, then travels down the pharynx, larynx, and trachea).

Surface of these passage way has mucous membrane and ciliated cells.
(moistens, warms and filters the air before entering lungs)

trachea divides into 2 ( left and right bronchi as they enter the lung cavity)

Each side of lung;
left has 2 lobes to accommodate for heart and the right has 3.

these bronchi sub-divides into bronchioles which end at the alveolar ducts

the gaseous exchange takes place here and its grape like cluster which has large surface area.

Question 20

Name the passage ways through which air travels

Answer 20

through Nose into nasal cavity. then its led to pharynx, form pharynx into larynx and then into trachea. primary bronchi and to lungs.

Question 21

what is the % of cells in blood and plasma?

Answer 21

45% cell and 55% plasma

Question 22

what is the formula for when oxygen combines with haemoglobin ? and whats the %?

Answer 22

Hb + O2 = HbO2 or oxyhaemoglobin
-97% O2
-3% dissolved in plasma

Question 23

what is the formula for when CO2 combines with haemoglobin?

Answer 23

Hb + CO2 = HbCO2 or Carbaminohaemoglobin
- 70% dissolved in water
-23% combined with haemglobin
-7% dissolved in plasma

Question 24

explain what’s breathing rate? average?

Answer 24

breathing rate is the number of breaths taken in and out ( expired or inspired) per minute. And average is 12-15 per minute [at rest]

Question 25

explain what’s tidal volume? average?

Answer 25

tidal volume is the volume of air inspired and expired in 1 breath and the Average is 500ml[at rest]

Question 26

what is the volume of air dependent on?

Answer 26

Gender, age, lungs condition, and the thoracic cavity

Question 27

how much of the air goes to our lungs when inhaled?

Answer 27

350ml into our lungs and 150ml stays in the trachea

Question 28

minute ventilation?

Answer 28

its a product of breathing rate and tidal volume AND it is the volume of air inspired and expired per minute.

Question 29

how does tidal volume responses to exercise?

Answer 29

depth of breaths increases initially in proportion to exercise intensity
- Tidal volume reaches plateau at submaximal intensity

Question 30

what is the volume of at sub-maximal exercise?

Answer 30

3 litres

Question 31

why does maximal intensity does not allow enough force for inspiration and expiration?

Answer 31

because there are not enough of the different muscle to support respiration as they are working during the exercise movement.

Question 32

breathing rate response to exercise?

Answer 32

breathing rate increases in proportion to exercise intensity and it reaches plateau during sub-maximal exercise, as oxygen supply is meeting the demand of working muscle.

Question 33

during exercise what is the maximum number of breath that can be taken per minute?

Answer 33

50-60 breaths per minute.

Question 34

how does tidal volume and breathing rate is related to minute ventilation? during exercise and recovery.

Answer 34

TV and f are able to act as supporting factors for minute ventilation during exercise till it gets plateaued. and during recovery, initially both decreases rapidly then it decreases slowly and its important that VE continues to supply oxygen for production of energy.

Question 35

how do you work out minute ventilation?

Answer 35

VE = TV x f
(litres per minutes)

Question 36

why would an aerobic athletes untrained counterpart VE high than the trained one?

Answer 36

Because the trained aerobic athlete’s gaseous exchange and transportation is more efficient, which allow the trained athlete to easily meet the demand for oxygen.

Question 37

how does respiratory volume response to exercise? And recovery?

Answer 37

as we start exercise the demand for oxygen rapidly increases to the muscles, so respiratory system is required to increases air supply to alveoli and oxygen for gaseous exchange. The response of respiratory system will depend on intensity of exercise.

Question 38

Breathing rate response to exercise?

Answer 38

breathing rate increases in proportion to intensity of exercise til maximum breaths of 50-60 reached per minute. In sub-maximal exercise breathing rate will plateau due oxygen meeting demand from working muscles.

Question 39

Response of Tidal Volume to exercise?

Answer 39

depth of breathing increases in proportion to exercise intensity at sub-maximal intensities its 3 liters. Tidal volume reaches plateau during sub-maximal because towards maximal intensities it does not allow enough time and muscular effort for maximal inspiration or expiration.

hint: marathon runners take short and shallow breaths as they reach exhaustion.

Question 40

Response of Minute ventilation to exercise and recovery?

Answer 40

Exercise
Being product of breathing rate and tidal volume, the response of VE to exercise and recovery is combination of both. Increase in VE will result in an increase in breathing rate and tidal volume according to exercise intensity.

Recovery
-rapid decrease followed by a slower decrease to resting levels.
-breathing rate and tidal volume decreases post exercise but has to be done gradually.
-through active recovery to maintain Minute ventilation which has to provide the muscles with oxygen to produce energy aerobically
-to remove waste products.