Applied anatomy and physiology (skeletal and muscular system) Flashcards
What is a synovial joint?
its a type is joint that’s between bone and moves against each other.
What are examples of a synovial joint?
Hinge joints:
Elbow
Knee
Ankle
what is the make up of Elbow joint?
elbow joint is made of:
bones: Humerus, Ulna, Radius
joint cavity, articular cartilage and joint capsule
What is the make up of Knee joint?
Knee joint is made up of:
muscles= rectus femoris
bones= Femur, Patella, Tibia, Fibula
Ligaments= Patellar tendon, posterior cruciate ligament, Anterior cruciate ligament, Lateral collateral ligament
between the joint is:
Articulating cartilage, Meniscus
what movements can be created at hinge joints?
Flexion and Extension
What is Extension and flexion?
Flexion is when the angle at the joint decreases
Extension is when the angle at joint increases
What joint is elbow and how does it create flexion and extension?
Elbow is a hinge joint it creates flexion by contracting the biceps branchii and relaxing the triceps
EXTRA:
Biceps branchii and Triceps are attached to the humerus.
which muscles contract to create flexion at knee joint?
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus
which muscles contract to create extension at knee joint?
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius (lies beneath rectus femoris)
Vastus medialis
Name the different muscle types.
Slow oxidative (Type 1)
fast oxidative glycolytic (Type 2a)
fast glycolytic (Type 2b)
what is myoglobin?
it is a protein in muscles that is responsible for transporting oxygen to the mitochondria which releases energy.
what are slow oxidative muscle fibres?
a type of muscle fibre rich in mitochondria, myoglobin and capillaries which produces a small amount of force over a long period of time
what events is slow oxidative fibres best suited to?
long duration events
What are fast oxidative glycoltic fibres?
Are muscle fibers that produce large amount of force quickly and allow athlete of high intensity events that lasts several minutes to resist fatigue e.g 800m
what is Fast Glycolytic muscle fibres?
is a type of muscle fibres that is rich in phosphocreatine which produces maximal force over a very short period of time. e.g 100m sprint. anaerobically exercise
need to add more here
name the mechanisms that work together for breathing and gaseous exchange.
Nose, series of airways, and respiratory muscles.
what are the 2 main respiratory system functions?
-pulmonary ventilation; inspiration and expiration
-gaseous exchange;
External respiration = movement of oxygen into the blood stream
and CO2 into lungs
Internal respiration = release of oxygen to respire cells for energy reproduction and collection of waste products
summarize the structure of respiratory system.
Air drawn into nasal cavity, (through nose, then travels down the pharynx, larynx, and trachea).
Surface of these passage way has mucous membrane and ciliated cells.
(moistens, warms and filters the air before entering lungs)
trachea divides into 2 ( left and right bronchi as they enter the lung cavity)
Each side of lung;
left has 2 lobes to accommodate for heart and the right has 3.
these bronchi sub-divides into bronchioles which end at the alveolar ducts
the gaseous exchange takes place here and its grape like cluster which has large surface area.
Name the passage ways through which air travels
through Nose into nasal cavity. then its led to pharynx, form pharynx into larynx and then into trachea. primary bronchi and to lungs.
what is the % of cells in blood and plasma?
45% cell and 55% plasma
what is the formula for when oxygen combines with haemoglobin ? and whats the %?
Hb + O2 = HbO2 or oxyhaemoglobin
-97% O2
-3% dissolved in plasma
what is the formula for when CO2 combines with haemoglobin?
Hb + CO2 = HbCO2 or Carbaminohaemoglobin
- 70% dissolved in water
-23% combined with haemglobin
-7% dissolved in plasma
explain what’s breathing rate? average?
breathing rate is the number of breaths taken in and out ( expired or inspired) per minute. And average is 12-15 per minute [at rest]
