sport in society 1

Question 1

impacts of the industrial revolution on Sport

Answer 1

urbanization
transport revolution
increased communication (newspapers)
influence from the church
the emergence of the middle class
the British Empire
development of NGBS

Question 2

characteristics of rational recreation

Answer 2

respectability (less violent )
levels of competition formed
modification from NGBS
referees and officials
purpose-built facility
skills and tactics increase (positions in sport)

Question 3

Strategies to increase elite female participation

Answer 3

equal opportunities
increase media coverage
role models
better PE programs
encouragement from FA
more free time
better funding

Question 4

key features of lawn tennis

Answer 4

middle-class invention
played and organised by middle class
use of specialist equipment
standardised rules
both men and women played

Question 5

social befits of participation

Answer 5

improved social skills
improved ability to develop friendships
increased community integration
improved community morale

Question 6

barriers to Participation for disabled people

Answer 6

negtive self image, low self condifene
low-income levels
accessibility to facilities
lack of organized programs
low levels of media coverage
lack of specialist coaches/equipment
stereotypes based on capability

Question 7

stacking definition

Answer 7

disproportion concentration of ethnic to certain positions in sports team

Question 8

channeling definition

Answer 8

ethnic groups being pushed to certain sports

Question 9

Define popular recreation

Answer 9

The sports and past times of people in pre-industrial Britain (before 1780 - 18th century)

Question 10

Characteristics of real tennis?

Answer 10

upper class/gentry
male dominated
complex/written rules
not usually local as upper class can travel
purpose built facilities/courts
specialist clothing
specialist equipment (e.g. rackets)
wagering
played regularly
not a game for spectators
played with etiquette
known as ‘the sport for kings’

Question 11

19th century amateurism values?

Answer 11

‘Manliness’ , robustness, striving and physical endeavour
Appreciating the value of health and fitness
Appreciating the value of rule-regulated activity
High moral integrity

Question 12

Characteristics of a ‘gentleman amateur’?

Answer 12

being a respected member of society with a public school background (private school)
high status in sport reflected by high status in society
belonging to the social elite, having wealth and plenty of time for sport
participation was viewed as a character building exercise (training was frowned upon)
played ‘range of sports’ using their natural talents
playing to a high moral code

Question 13

What was the Wenlock games?

Answer 13

Created by Dr William Penny Brookes
Formed in 1850
Athletics
Traditional country sports: quoits, football, cricket, running, the hurdles and cycling on penny farthings

Question 14

What were the objectives of the Wenlock olympic games?

Answer 14

form Olympian class
promote moral improvement
promote physical improvement
promote intellectual improvement

Question 15

How has the role of working class women changed during 1890 and 1950?

Answer 15

suffragettes/women’s rights/more political say
WW1 status increased/did men’s jobs e.g. factories/proved their worth
less emphasis on domestic role
got more education via state schools
began to earn more personal money
more freedom - mobility/clothing/leisure time

Question 16

What is socialisation?

Answer 16

A lifelong process where members of a society learn its norms, values, ideas practices and roles in order to take their place in that society.

Question 17

What is gender socialisation?

Answer 17

→The act of learning to conform to gender roles through socialisation.
→’Boys learn to be boys and girls learn to be girls’ through many agents of socialisation (inc. family, friends, school, college, mass media)
→Major impact on participation in sport and may dictate the sport or specific events within a sport

Question 18

Definition of social control?

Answer 18

The way people’s thoughts, feelings, appearance and behaviour are regulated in social systems/societies including social norms.

Question 19

Causes on inequality of sport?

Answer 19

lack of money
lack of confidence
lack of role models
myths over capabilities/ damage to female body
lack of nearby specialist facilities for specific sports
the belief that certain sports are only for particular classes
stereotypes of female role
sex and gender based prejudice and discrimination leads to women in positions of power and decision making

Question 20

What is social action theory?

Answer 20

A way of viewing socialisation, emphasising the active roles people have in shaping society and life, emphasising social action to include the interactionist approach.

Social action theory views sport and physical activity as a very important part of society’s make up.
→Sport can impact on the social and cultural fabric of society.
→Sport has moved and changed with the dynamics in society i.e. it is not static.

Question 21

What ways can society impact sport?

Answer 21

By highlighting inequalities that exist between different social class groups via the types of sports participated in linked to wealth and upbringing.
By impacting on our beliefs concerning masculinity and femininity.
By impacting on our ideas and beliefs about race, ethnicity e.g. negatively through racist chanting targeted at footballers
By impacting on our ideas about ability and disability (e.g. positively through the achievements of Paralympians such as Jonnie Peacock).

Question 22

What is the main concept of social action theory?

Answer 22

→ Sport has affected society and society has affected sport
→ Sport has moved and changed with the dynamics in society i.e. has changed with aspects of society like class structure, education and family.
→ Sport has/sometimes is used to gain equality e.g. women not being stereotypes in a domestic role.
→ Social action - an action being carried out by an individual to which they attach meaning e.g. starting a women’s club in a traditionally men’s sport
→ Social action may involve creativity that is followed in social circles and may be slightly different to the perceived norm.