anatomy and physiology

Question 1

Examples of movements in sagittal plane and transverse axis? (And what is it)

Answer 1

Push ups, somersault, chest pass, walkover

Sagittal plane: splits body into left and right sides
Transverse axis: runs horizontally across body

Question 2

Examples of movements in transverse plane and longitudinal axis? (And what is it)

Answer 2

Pirouette, axel spin in ice skating

(Runs across the performers body, splitting their top and bottom halves

Question 3

examples of movement in the frontal plane and the saggittal axis

Answer 3

goal keeper dive

side to side abduction/aduction

Question 4

Structural characteristics of slow twitch fibres?

Answer 4

High density of capillaries
High myoglobin quantity
Large triglyceride storage space
Small glycogen and phosphocreatine storage space
High mitochondrial density

Question 5

Structural characteristics of fast oxidative glycolytic fibres?

Answer 5

Large fibre size
Large glycogen and phosphocreatine storage space
Medium capillary density
Medium mitochondrial density
Medium triglyceride storage space

Question 6

Structural characteristics of fast glycolytic fibres?

Answer 6

Large fibre size
Large glycogen storage space
Large phosphocreatine storage space
Small triglyceride storage space
Low myoglobin quantity

Question 7

How to increase the strength of contraction?

Answer 7

2 ways:
Wave summation (including tetanic contraction)
Spatial summation

Question 8

What is wave summation?

Answer 8

When there is a repeated nerve impulse with no time to relax so a smooth, sustained contraction occurs rather than twitches.

Repeated activation of a motor neurone stimulating a given muscle fibre results in a greater force of contraction.

Question 9

What is a tetanic contraction

Answer 9

A forceful, sustained, smooth contraction which is as a result of wave summation.
e.g. consecutive box jumps

Question 10

What is spatial summation?

Answer 10

Occurs when impulses are received at the same time at different places on the neurone which add up to fire the neurone.
It is the recruitment of additional and bigger motor units within a muscle to develop more force.

Question 11

How is PNF used?

Answer 11

There are a few different PNF techniques, but the most practical is the CRAC technique.

C→Contract
R→Relax
A→Antagonist
C→Contract

Question 12

How do muscle spindles work?

Answer 12

Often called stretch receptors as they provide information (excitory signals) to the CNS about how fast and far the muscle is being stretched.
CNS sends an impulse back to the muscle telling it to contract, which triggers the stretch reflex.
This reflex action that causes the muscle to contract to prevent over stretching reduces the risk of injury.

Question 13

How do golgi tendons work?

Answer 13

When the muscle is contracted isometrically in PNF, they sense the increase in muscle tension and send inhibitory signals to the brain.
This allows the agonist muscle to relax and lengthen.
This is known as autogenic inhibition.

Question 14

What are HDL’s?

Answer 14

High density lipoproteins.

Transport excess cholesterol in the blood back to the liver where it is broken down (and disposed of).
Classed as ‘good’ cholesterol as it lowers the risk of heart disease.

Question 15

What is the process of the conduction system of the heart?

Answer 15

The impulse starts in the SA node ➤ travels down to AV node ➤ into the bundle of His ➤ impulse travels down left and right branches ➤ goes into Purkinje fibres ➤ ventricles are squeezed/contracted

Cycle then starts again

Question 16

What is the Sion-atrial node and what does it do?

Answer 16

a small mass of cardiac muscle found in the wall of the right atrium that generates the heartbeat
It is more commonly called the pacemaker

Question 17

what is the Atroventricular node and what does it do?

Answer 17

This node relays the impulse between the upper and lower sections of the heart

It delays the impulse by 0.1 s to allow the atria to fully empty

Question 18

What is the bundle of His and what does it do?

Answer 18

A collection of heart muscle cells

They transmit electrical impulses from the AVN via the ventricles

Question 19

What are the Purkinje fibres and what do they do?

Answer 19

Muscle fibres

They conduct the impulses in the walls of the ventricles

Question 20

What are pre-capillary sphincters and what do they do?

Answer 20

They are rings of tissue at the entrance to a blood vessel.

When contracted, they lock off the proceeding vessel and there is limited blood flow to the areas that vessel supplies.

This are responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilation.

Question 21

What the atrial suction mechanism?

Answer 21

Following atria systole, the chamber walls return to their resting position.

This expansion causes a drop in pressure which is balanced by drawing blood from the vena cava in to the empty atria.