Sport and Society - pre industrial and industrial revolution/urbanisation

Question 1

what are the 7 characteristics of popular recreation?

Answer 1

1. Occassional - restricted to annual events/ festivals
2. Local - specific to each community
3. Rural/Natural - used natural resources available to them
4. Basic rules - locally set and applies (no time limit)
5. Aggressive and male dominant - reflecting harsh society
6. Wagering - placed by upper class
7. Functional

Question 2

characteristics of mob football:

Answer 2

lower class
eventually banned and highly violent
rural
simple game (no rules)
played occassionally

Question 3

characteristics of real tennis:

Answer 3

exclusive activity
many rules (complex)
high moral code
civilised
played regulary
non local
proper built facilities
expensive

Question 4

what was athletics like in pre-inductrial britian?

Answer 4

form of activity known as foot racing
consisted of footmen competing as messengers
ended up competing against each other
-wagering on them

developed running races
success in athletics meant increased scoial status
gentry happy to act a patron to the work class
gentry set up races

Question 5

pre-olympics:
called?
events?
characteristics?

Answer 5

Wenlock olympian games
include: hurdles, running, football, cycling
characteristics: simple/unwritten rules, local, rural, wagers placed

Question 6

what was life like in industrial revolution time between 1800-1850?
NEGATIVE

Answer 6

migration of lower classes into urban areas
lack of leisure time (12hrs work days, 6 days)
-won’t play sport on Gods day, sunday (sabbaths day)
lack of income (little income)
poor health (pollution, lack of hygiene and little energy)
loss of rights (restrictions were placed to mob game)
-changes in criminal law
lack of public provisions (no private facilities)

Question 7

what was life like in industrial revolution time between 1850-1900?

Answer 7

health and hygiene improved
gradual income in wages and more time for sport
development of middle class
influence of ex-public schoolboys
values of athleticism (spread to lower class)
industrial patrionage (provisions for sport)
improve transport and communications
cheaper travel

Question 8

what is urbanisation and how did it change sport?

Answer 8

urbanisation = large number of people moving to towns and cities
-mob football banned but football began
-happened because of lack of space
-created facilities for people
-people started to watch sport, creating spectators
-meant crime went down as they had things to do
-caused new sports to occurs (football, rugby)
-change in working condition, meant they had more time/free time
-so they could play sport

Question 9

what did urbanisation and revolution change about transport ?

Answer 9

steam trains and railways increased spectators and participation
opportunities development contributed in sport development:
-movement of teams /spectators (nationwide fixtures)
-improved access to different parts of the country - leagues were formed
-cheaper travel - working class following their team home and away
-improved access to countryside

Question 10

what did urbanisation change about communication?

Answer 10

gradual improvements in educational provisions for working class
improved as society became more flexible (newspaper)
printed media - increased knowledge and awareness of sport
-when fixtures took place
-increased knowledge of results
led to emergence of sport hereo and role models

Question 11

what influences did the church have?

Answer 11

encourage social control
discouraged less social control (gambling/drinking)
good way to promote christian values
clergy felt it would increase attendance at church

Question 12

how did the church influence people?

Answer 12

facilities (e.g. church hall/playing fields)
YMCA promoted healthy body
clergy encouraged working class in rationalised sport (e.g. association football)
church set up teams/clubs and competitions
provided number of gorups (e.g. Boys Brigade/scouts/the YMCA)
-women didn’t participate in these (weren’t allowed)

Question 13

key ways in which members of middle class supported such developments (industrialisation and urbanisation):

Answer 13

codification
competition
public provision
increased leisure time
move to professionalism

Question 14

British Empire
what development of sport in Britain that spread through british empire?

Answer 14

english public schools played important roles in export of ‘game ethic’ around world
sport seen as very good and powerful of instiling moral values into people across world
helped bind various people of the empire together
young men educated to become leaders of the british empire of playing games

Question 15

the ways ex-public schoolboys spread the sporting ethics:

Answer 15

as teacher
as industialist/factory owners
as clergy
as officers in british army
as diplomats
(they formed the national governing bodies of sport, e.g. RFU)

Question 16

what did the increase in public provision help with/do?

Answer 16

-the development of public baths in urban and industrial areas, positively influenced opportunities for working class rational recreation
-the wash houses had become widespread because of poor living conditions and pollution
-1st and 2nd class facilities reflected the social class a person came from
-involvement in positive physical activity seen as social control
-helped improve productivity at work as workers became healthier
-led to other reform act
-municipal reform act and parks

Question 17

factors affecting formation of NGBs:

Answer 17

-more fixtures required
-more clubs forming
-maintain leagues required
-maintenance of control of sport among upper/middle class
-different public schools played different versions
-threats of professionalism/commercialism
-rules/codification required

Question 18

characteristics of rational reaction (industrial revolution):

Answer 18

1. played regionally, nationally, internationally
2. respectable
3. regular
4. rule-based (codification)
5. gambling controlled
6. impact of religion
7. impact of revolutions