Skill Acquisition - types of practice/types of learning Flashcards
what are the 3 types of practice and define them:
1) MASSED - the group work continuously at an activity without any breaks unitil the skill is mastered or time runs out
2) DISTRIBUTED - the work is split into several shorter periods with intervals between each periods of work. These intervals may be used for rest or for the coach to coach to set an alternate task
3) VARIABLE - the key is changing either elements of the skill or the practice for that skill
what are the conditions useful for massed practice?
the skill is discrete
the skill is closed
if the performer is physcially fit
if the performer is intrinsically motivated, no feedback needed
if the performed is in the autonomous phase of learning
what conditions would be detrimental for massed practice?
continuous
open
if the performer is not physically fit
if the performer is extrinsically motivated, feedback needed
if the performer is in the cognitive phase of learning
if the performer lacks self confidence
if the skill is dangerous
what are the useful conditions for distrubuted practice?
open
if the performer is not physically fit
if the performer is extrinsically motivated, feedback needed
if the performer is in the cognitive phase of learning
continuous
complex
gross
requires rest to avoid fatigue
what are the detrimental conditions for distruted practice?
closed
discrete
simple
fine
no rests
if the performer is intrinsically motivated
if the performer is in the autonomous phase of learning
if the performer is physically fit
what are the requirements for variable practice?
skill needs to be practiced in as wide a variety of conditions
-tends to be an open skill and team games
1) PERCEPTUAL: the performer has to think about their performance therefore they mjust be exposed to as wie variety of options as possible. This gives them experience to deal with any eventually within a game
2) EXTERNALLY PACED: the performer is not in full control of the pace of performance therefore they must be exposed to stimuli coming in at different paces/velocities/trajectories/angles/ect.
3) NON-STEREOTYPICAL: the movement of the skill is different each time it is performer therefore the performer needs to be able to practice as many moves as possible
4) INFLUENCED BY THE ENVIRONMENTAL: as here are multiple stimuli affecting the performance of these skills then the performer needs to experience as many of these as possible
what is whole learning and the advantages?
the skill is not broken dwon into sub-routines. It is taught in one movement
ADVANTAGES:
a) insight into the whole skill/an overview
b) the kinaesthetic feel for the skill
c) the skill retains it fluency and timing
d) it takes less time to teach the skill
e) the transfer from practice to the game is easier
f) the skill if more meaningful to the performer
g) it allows co-ordination of imported spatial (movements) and temporal (brain and thinking) components
what are the disadvantages of whole learning?
a) it is inappropiate if the skill is dangerous
b) it can affect the confidence of the performer
c) it can produce little early success
this type of practice best used in which scenarios for whole learning?
a) if a skill is i) low in complexity
ii) high in organisation
iii) ballistic - fast skills
iv) discrete
v) self paced
vi) closed
b) if the performer is i) in the autonomous (without thinking/automatic) phase of learning
ii) highly attentive
iii) motivated
what is progressive part learning?
the skill is broken down into its subroutines and is then taught in a logical order.
teach the first part of the skill, then teach the second part, then teach those 2 parts togethers.
then teach the third part and add this to parts one and two.
this maintained until the whole skill is learned
what are the advantages of progressive part?
a) the sense of continuity is maintained
b) the performer has an idea of how the skill is put together
c) the area between each subroutines is taught
d) it helps with transfer into the whole
e) it allows for the co-ordination of the spatial and temporal components
what are the disadvantages of progressive part learning?
a) transfer from the practice to the game is ineffective
b) skills that are highly organised are difficult to break down
c) there’s a loss of awareness of the end product
d) there’s a loss of the continuity of the skill
e) there’s a loss of the kinaesthetic sense of the skill
f) it is time consuming
what scenarios is progressive part learning best in?
a) if the skill is i) complex
ii) serial
b) if the performer is i) lacking in attention
ii) lacking in motivation
what is whole-part-whole learning?
the skill is taught as a whole, then any part of parts that are causing difficultly are removed and taught separately.
once that has been mastered then it is put into the whole
what are the advantages of whole-part-whole learning?
a) the same as whole
-insight into the whole skill/overview
-kinaesthetic feel for the skill
-skill retains it fluency and timing
-takes less time to teach
-transfer from practice to game is easier
-skill is more meaningful to performer
-allows co-ordination of imported spatial and temporal components
b) only the part that is causing difficultly needs to be dealt with
c) allows the performer and the coach to focus
