Skill Acquisition - classification/types of transfer/guidance

Question 1

what 6 things are needed for a performance to be skillful?

Answer 1

1) skill musr be learned results from experience
2) skill is timed. No waste of energy/ excessive time spent preforming the skill. Movement is economic
3) all skills work towards a goal. Must be an outcome to a skillful performance. Performer knows whats expected of them
4) all skills follow technical model
5) skills are fluent. Appear effortless in terms of energy expended and time performing
6) skills are aesthetically pleasing. beauty and grace that sets them apart

Question 2

factors of closed and open skills

Answer 2

CLOSED
habitual (little conscience thought)
no environmental influence
pre-learned pattern of movement
proactive
doesn’t need other player

OPEN
perceptual (lots of conscience thought)
some environmental influence
not set movement pattern
reactive
needs some player present

Question 3

factors of gross and fine skill

Answer 3

GROSS
involve large muscle groups/movements

FINE
involve small muscle groups/movements

Question 4

factors of discrete and serial and continuous skill

Answer 4

DISCRETE
a distinct start and finish

SERIAL
several discrete elements joined togther in a specific order to produce a movement
e.g. triple jump

CONTINUOUS
no distinct beginning and end/cyclical
e.g. swimming/running

Question 5

factors of externally paced and internally paced skill

Answer 5

EXTERNAL
reactive
require presence of others
generally these are open

INTERNAL
proactive (incontrol)
don’t require presence of others
generally these are closed

Question 6

factors of low organistaion and high organistaion skill

Answer 6

LOW ORGANISATION
the subroutines are discrete
they are easy to separate

HIGH ORGANISATION
the subroutines are closely integrated
they are difficult to separate

Question 7

factors of simple and complex skill

Answer 7

SIMPLE
low level of a number of factors

COMPLEX
high level of a number of factors

Question 8

what are the examples of factors?
(for simple and complex skills)

Answer 8

a) amount of info to be processed
b) number of decisions to be made
c) speed at A and B must occur
d) number of subroutines
e) speed and power required to perform the skill
f) accuracy needed
g) type and timing of the feedback available

Question 9

what is the stimulus-response generalisation?
state the 4 types of transfer.

Answer 9

states that a performer reacts to stimulus on the basis of recognition
e.g. see a ball automatically catch it whether correct or not
positive or negative depends on required response

types of transfer:
positive
negative
zero
bilateral

Question 10

what is positive transfer?
+ examples

Answer 10

this is where learning of a skill aids the performance of another skill
e.g. netball player learning basketball knows how to shoot and pass

Question 11

A coach needs to encourage the positive transfer of learning?
can be done by:

Answer 11

1) coaching sports that have similar elements one after the other
2) teaching performers about transfer is and how it can help the performer to improve
3) making the practice situations as similar to the game as possible
4) encourage the performer to look for similar stimuli and similar responses to those they already possess
5) point out when teaching new sports those skills performer already covered
6) allow performer to experiment with different skill till they find the right one

Question 12

what is bilateral transfer?
+ examples

Answer 12

this is transfer of skill from one side of the body to the other
e.g. footballer learning to pass on their left foot

Question 13

what is zero transfer?
+ example

Answer 13

this is where learning/performance of one skill has no influence on the learning and performance of another
e.g. shooting in netball and doing breastroke

Question 14

what is negative transfer?
+ example

Answer 14

this is where learning of a skill hinder the performance of another skill
e.g. basketball player will be guilty of re-possession in netball when they try to dribble

Question 15

what is the schema theory?
+ the 4 parameters are:

Answer 15

states that a perfomance learns on the basis of knowledge that they already possess - look for familiar and adapt
a) KNOWLEDGE OF INITIAL CONDITIONS
court surroundingf in badminton and volleyball so they transfer knowledge

b) KNOWLEDGE OF RESPOMSE SPECIFICATION
badminton, shuttle hit over net so performer transfer info to volleyball

c) KNOWLEDGE OF RESPONSE OUTCOME
badminton, shuttle hits floor/doesn’t go over, they lose point. Transfer to volleyball

d) KNOWLEDGE OF SENSORY CONSEQUENCES
badminton, kinaesthetic (feeling of touch) and proprioceptive (feeling of balance) feels of movemnt of arms in serve - transferred to volleyball

Question 16

what is transfer of learning?

Answer 16

this is the influence the learning of one skill has upon the learning of another
-either positive or negative
-can work both backwards and forwards in time and from one side of the body to the other

Question 17

what are the types of guidance?

Answer 17

visual
auditory/verbal
manual
mechanical

Question 18

what are the different ways of presenting visual guidance?

Answer 18

a) demonstration/video/film
b) visual display/posters/charts

Question 19

Aim of demonstraion is to give the performer/learner a perfect model so they can copy:
-offer the following to both coach and learner:

Answer 19

efficiency in terms of time
offers an immediate picture of the skill
they can be used in all stagesof learning (cognitive,associative,autonomous)
gives the novice a mental image of skill
take place in real time
for experts it highlights specific areas of concern

Question 20

what are the disadvantages if using visual guidance?

Answer 20

i) dependent on ability level of the demonstrator
ii) some images are too static
iii) some skills are too complex
iv) some information may not be relevant to the performer
v) difficult to use in isolation

Question 21

If these demonstarions are to work the the coach must ensure that
- the learner:
- the demonstrator:

Answer 21

THE LEARNER: a) attend to the demonstration
b) has the motivation to practice
c) possesses the baility to produce the movement
d) remembers the information shown in the demonstration until they practice it
THE DEMONSTRATION IS : a) relevant to the need of the performer
b) accurate and emphasise the required point
c) doesn’t overload the performer
d) reinforced
e) practiced

Question 22

what is needed for verbal/auditory guidance?

Answer 22

a) clear and precise
b) relatively short so as not to overload the performer
c) not to over use
d) appropiate to level of performer
e) used when skill is open
f) used when perceptual judgement is required
g) when dealing with tactics and strategies
h) when critical decisions are needed

Question 23

Auditory/verbal guidance:
what two things should the instructions offer to the learner?

Answer 23

1) what is the action or the task is?
that is what it actually looks like, in terms of its technical specification and what its objectives are

2)how the learner is able to carry out the movement
The coach should describe what the learner must do in order to perform the skill and what it feels like when it’s done correctly

Question 24

What are the disadvantages of using verbal guidance?

Answer 24

1) talking for too long can de-motivate performer
2) information overload
3) less effective for early stage learners
4) some skills are too difficult to describe
5) the pace of the description does not match the pace of the skill

Question 25

What is Manual guidance?

Answer 25

The coach transport the performer though the movement with little or no effect from the performer. The idea being hat the learner gets the feel for the correct movement of each of the body parts involved in performance of skill

Question 26

What is physical restriction?

Answer 26

The learner’s movements late restricted by an external object. These act as a guiding capacity whilst the performer produces the effect to produce the action

Question 27

What are the advantages of manual guidance and physical restriction?

Answer 27

They reduce the danger elements of the skill
They reduce the element of fear
They help to boost confidence of performer
It encourages the learner in the situation where they would not normally venture
It gives the learner an idea of the spatial patterns ( whats around when performing a skill) involved in the movement
The movement pattern is technically correct

Question 28

What are the disadvantages of manual guidance and physical restriction?

Answer 28

The learner may become too dependent on the support
It has a limited use for skills that are ballistic (fast) /complex movements
The fluency of the skill is lost
It has a limited use in large groups
The correct kinaesthetic and proprioceptive sense of the movement is incorrect