Sport and society Flashcards
State 5 characteristics of the lifestyle in pre-1780. [5]
limited transport and communications widespread illiteracy clear class divisions lower class=violent, upper class=luxury long laborious working hours lived in rural areas
Define popular recreation. [1]
sport and pastimes of people in pre-industrial Britain
State the characteristics of popular recreation. [4]
Occasional, local, aggressive , male dominated, few rules
What are the characteristics of mob football? [4]
no rules, local, violent, Gambling involved
State the characteristics of real tennis. [4]
courtly/royal, civilised, complicated rules, played in grand houses
Define rational recreation. [1]
the sport and pastimes of people in the 19th century
What was the purpose of the Wenlock Olympic Games ? [2]
to promote physical, intellectual and moral improvements in a well ordered, organised and controlled way
State two things that Dr.William PennyBrookes did? [2]
created the Wenlock Olympic Games
made PE compulsory on the school curriculum
What did the upper class do to increase participation in the Olympic Games? [1]
prizes/awards
State 3 activities that occurred at the Wenlock Olympic Games.
pig chasing
any athletics event
football
old woman’s race
What was migration in the industrial revolution and how did it change sport? [2]
lower class moving into urban areas looking for factory work meant there was more purpose built facilities
What did the factory act mean for factory workers? [2]
they would have less working hours/ days off
increase in working wages
Why did the health of people in the industrial revolution improve? [1]
more baths/awareness
How did travel change in the industrial revolution? [2]
got cheaper and more readily available
What was public provision in the industrial revolution? [2]
the middle class provided space for sport to be played factory teams were set up
State 3 ways in which transport changed in the industrial revolution and how this influenced sport. [6]
faster and further travel- nationwide fixtures and events improved access to parts of the country- development of teams and leagues cheaper- working class could now travel to watch their local teams both home and away improved access to countryside- now reach countryside and do activities such as rambling
State 2 ways in which communication changed in the industrial revolution and how it influenced sport.
improved education- they could read and write so understood the laws of the games and read and write tach reports
more newspapers- read about sporting vents from across the whole of the country
State three reasons why the church promoted sport in the industrial revolution? [3]
encourage social control improve morality promote health promote christian values increase church attendance
How did the church influence sport? [3]
provided civilised activities provided facilities created associations (YMCA) provided sporting opportunities created clubs
What is codification? [1]
gradual organisation and defining of the rules in sport
formation of NGBs
Who were the middle class and what did they feel towards the working class? [2]
self-made individuals
had empathy and concern for working class (philanthropists)
Explain what the middle class did to increase the participation in sport. [6]
competitions- developed leagues and competitions
public provision- developed public facilities
increased leisure - gave factory workers time off
professionalism - payed for time off while playing sport
codification
State 3 groups of people who developed teams in the British Empire. [3]
teachers
factory owners
clergy
Explain, using examples, who spread sport to other countries in the British Empire. [3]
clergy spread sport through missionaries going abroad
army- spread sport through services
diplomas travelled and took sport
teachers taught traditional rules
Explain the role of NGBs in the emerging of sport in Britain. [4]
as popularity increased and more teams formed
leagues, national/international fixtures, competitions were organised by NGBs
they set rules for entire country
maintained amateur ideals
State 5 characteristics of the 19th century amateur. [5]
valued health rule regulated respected members of society/ high status played a range of sports high moral code social elite
State 4 differences/similarities between the modern day professional and the 19th century professional. [4]
all classes can compete/working class
training most days/little time to train
role models/not role models
respected for talent/ not respected for talent
committed to training/winning
rewards for winning
State some similarities between a modern day amateur and a 19th century amateur. [2]
value health
promotes fair play/moral code
play a range of sports
State 4 characteristics of a 19th century professional. [4]
working class poor little time to train committed to training and performing well winning was important
Explain why there is ‘blurring’ between the modern day professionals and amateurs. [1]
amateurs get paid lots for sponsors
some amateurs train like professionals
State 5 factors that may have led to the increase in women’s participation in football. [5]
more equal opportunities/seen as more socially acceptable more sports available increased media coverage more extra curricular activities at school FA increased encouragement/approval More clubs increased participation (more funding) free time
Explain why increased media coverage will have increased women’s participation in football. [3]
more women watch
more women role models
more want to get involved
How may have the war affected the development of women’s football? [1]
broke stereo-types
How has the PE curriculum changed for girls? [1]
more extra curricular activities
How has the FA affected women’s participation in football? [3]
increased approval
increased funding
more funding
national women’s team full supported by FA
State 5 factors that helped lead to the rationalisation of football. [5]
urbanisation more disposable income transport professionalism social class links increased organisation more free time
Outline how professionalism led to the rationalisation of football. [2]
factory workers could have time off to play and practice football
as they were now getting payed for it
How did the FA help the rationalisation of football? [3]
set up rules followed by whole nation
recognised professionalism in 1885
set up league fixtures/ competitions
Explain one factor that helped the rationalisation of football. [2]
one of the following explained urbanisation free time disposable income transport professionalism social class links increased organisation
Explain what is meant by Bosman ruling. [1]
allowed freedom of movement of workers
footballers could move clubs without a transfer fee being made
Describe the development of lawn tennis. [3]
middle class invented it
alternative to real tennis for those who couldn’t afford it
set up courts in their gardens
set up clubs
Describe the female game of lawn tennis in the late 19the century. [3}
could play as a minimum exercise activity not too vigorous sweating was deemed unlady like played in private gardens sometimes with males
Explain what is meant by the open era [1]
professionals were allowed to compete against amateurs and earn prize money
State 4 characteristics of lawn tennis. [4]
females could play organised and invented by middle class used specialist equipment standardised rules spread to working class by public provision
Lawn tennis was originally called sphairistike . What shape was the court? [1]
hourglass
How did urbanisation lead to the rationalisation of athletics? [2]
more people in towns/cities
more spectators
purpose built facilities
When and why did the women’s AAA form? [2]
1922
before then athletics was deemed as unlady like
Explain how athletics was affected by the three tier system [2]
upper and middle class could run for leisure lower class raced for financial gain
What was the AAC? [5]
- Amateur Athletics Club
- formed by school and ex-university men
- gentleman amateurs
- excluded the working class or anyone running for financial gain
- emphasised endeavor, fair play, no wagering and courage
What effect did the London Olympics (1948) have on athletics? [1]
Increased in popularity
Describe the golden triangle. [6]
-shows relationship between sport, business and media
- media shows sport which increases interest in sport
- sport provides article information
- media allows sponsorships/adverts to be shown to many
- business gives media money to be shown
- sport provides a place for sponsorships/advertisements
- media allows sport to be aired to many people at one time
Identify the characteristics of commercial sport [4]
wide media coverage sponsorship contracts entertaining professional
What is commercialisation? [1]
the process of attempting to gain money from an activity
How has commercialisation effected professional performers? [4]
- higher income, for both playing and having sponsors
- paid for success, makes winning more important
- pressured, if injured lose sponsors/income
- specialise, work hard to reach top of the game
- entertainers, well-known names
- controlled by sponsors, lack of privacy
How has commercialisation effected sports? [3]
- rules/scoring, sped up to prevent spectator boredom
- breaks to provide time for adverts
- negative effects on minority, women have less coverage time
- technology, more personal experience for viewer
Why do companies invest money into sport? [4]
increase in sales associated with high level performance associated with a healthy image tax relief corporate hospitality improve company morale if team/athlete succeeds
How has TV coverage changed sport [4]
- more people can watch
- support teams that aren’t local
- increased sponsorships
- changed rules/breaks/formats
- increased interest
- more money
Define the term media [2]
- an organised means of communication
- by which large numbers of different people can be reached quickly
Define the term sponsorship. [2]
when a company pays for their products to be publicly displayed or advertised
in attempt to increase sales in their goods
What is meant by merchandising [1]
the practice in which the brand or image from one product is used to sell another
Define globalisation [3]
- the process whereby nations are increasingly linked together
- and people become more independent
- via improvements in communication and travel
Identify where globalisation is seen in sport. [3]
- universal sponsorship of events (cola)
- players play for teams in countries that aren’t their own
- sports spread to new nations
- increased pressure on athletes to do their best
What is social media? [1]
online apps and websites that allow users to interact
Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of social media on sport. [4]
- athletes can connect with fans
- athletes cam promote personal branding
- athletes can engage with a wider audience
- consequences for inappropriate use of media
- mistakes once posted can’t be deleted
State some different types of media [3]
newspapers TV coverage social media radio internet
Define society. [1]
an organised group of people associated for a specific purpose or with a shared common interest
What is socialisation? [5]
-a lifelong process where members of a socirety learn its norms, values ideas and practices
- primary happens in early childhood
- from immediate family
- secondary teenage years
- from peers etc.
What is sociology? [2]
- examining the interactions and interdependence (the ways in which people live)
- examining how human behaviour is controlled
Explain how socialisation might lead to equality in sport. [1]
-individuals learn from others that inequality is a normal and acceptable aspect of society
What is gender socialisation? [1]
-act of learning to conform to culturally defined gender roles
What is meant by social control? [1]
the way in which people’s thoughts feelings, appearance and behaviour are regulated in social systems
Why might women stop playing sport? [3]
- want to look feminine
- don’t feel they are muscular enough
- need to look after children
- lack of opportunities
What is social change and how does the affect sporting institutions? [2]
an alteration in the order of society
so institution have to readjust to fit new needs
What might cause social issues? [4]
- lack of money
- lack of self esteem
- lack of role models
- myth/stereotypes
What might the consequences of social issues be? [2]
- reduced participation
- more crime
- increased strain on the NHS
What is social stratification and give an example. [2]
a type of inequality in which society is divided into different levels on the basis of a social characteristic
class system
What is meant by social class? [1]
social inequalities within society
Describe where inequality exists within schools. [3]
children in poorer areas
have less access to facilities/equipment/clubs
state vs public schools magnify this issue
makes those from poorer backgrounds less likely to participate in sports
making them unhealthy
Give an example of a sport played by the upper class. [1]
tennis
golf
State what factors might determine an individual’s social class [4]
income wealth power background education
What is the social action theory? [3]
- sport is developed through the social relationships and networks of people
- the progression of sport is down relationships/networks and the power the individuals have
- people within society have to want something to change
- which might gather momentum
- causing change within society/sport
Explain how women’s football has increased in popularity using the social action theory [3]
- people within society wanted women’s football to improve
- decided to take action
- gathered momentum
eventually this was seen in the whole of society
What is meant by equal opportunities [1]
right to access the same opportunities regardless of any factors
Explain how prejudice can lead to discrimination [2]
prejudice is an unfavourable view of somebody based on inadequate factors
which may leads to the unfair treatment of someone based on these views (discrimination)
What is meant by stereotyping [1]
making generalisations about all members of a certain group
State 5 benefits of increasing participation in sport on the individual. [5]
- lower body weight
- lower blood pressure
- lower stress levels
- increases self esteem
- improved social skills
- more friendships
- increased productivity
- increased spending on healthy pursuits
State 5 benefits of increasing participation in sport for society. [5]
-less strain on the NHS
- increased social integration
- improved morale
- workplace/employer benefits (less time off work due to illness)
- higher productivity
- more money into the economy
- increased leisure spend
Explain an impact participation in sport has on an individual. [2]
- lower body weight
- lower blood pressure
- lower stress levels
- increases self esteem
- improved social skills
- more friendships
- increased productivity
- increased spending on healthy pursuits
Explain an impact of participation in sport has on society [3]
-less strain on the NHS
- increased social integration
- improved morale
- workplace/employer benefits (less time off work due to illness)
- higher productivity
- more money into the economy
- increased leisure spend
Describe reasons to increase participation in sport [5]
health/physical benefits
less strain on NHS
improved social skills
community
less crime
increased employment
more productivity
increased spending
Using examples state the difference between integrated and segregated competitions. [4]
- abled and disabled take part in activity same place and same time
- London Marathon
- disabled participate separately
- Paralympics
State 5 barriers that exist for the disabled in terms of participation in sport. [5]
- low income
- lack of access to facilities
- lack of organised programmes
- lack of self esteem
- low levels of media coverage
State a barrier and a solution for the disabled when participating in sport. [2]
>income invest >facilities improve access and transport >organised programmes -provide more programmes and clubs >self esteem -educate on stereotyping >media coverage increase
State 3 ways in which participation in sport for the disabled could be improved. [3]
increase investment improve access and transport to sporting facilities provide more programmes and clubs educate people on stereotyping increase media coverage
Describe two ways to increase participation in sport for the disabled [4]
more investment
to make it more affordable
access and transport improved
so more facilities readily available
increase programmes
more ways to participate
educate on stereotyping
increase self esteem
media coverage
role models
Define racism [1]
set of beliefs or ideas based on race
Define the term stacking [1]
disproportionate concentration of ethnic minorities in certain positions of a sports team
Define the term channelling [1]
ethnic minorities being pushed into certain positions/sports based on assumptions about them
State 2 barriers and solutions to participation in sport for ethnic minorities. [4]
less role models
train more from minority backgrounds
conflict between religious and cultural preferences
ensure rules and regimes are reflective of cultural norms
fear of abuse
educate and punish abusers
organise campaigns
What is the Rooney Rule? [1]
clubs/institutes have to interview minority candidates in football
What is sexism? [1]
one sex is seen to be inferior to the other
What barriers exist for women when participating in sport? [4]
stereo-typical myths
less media coverage
channelling women into ‘female sports’
negative impact of school PE programmes
State 2 barriers and solutions to women participating in sport. [4]
stereo-types
introduce and enforce laws
media
increase
channelling
encourage acceptance
PE negativity
improve PE/help schools improve PE
Why might there be more men participating in sport than women? [3]
less stereo-types
more media coverage
no channelling
have positive PE experience
Define the term gender [1]
the biological aspect of a person
male/female
