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PE > Sport and society > Flashcards

Sport and society Flashcards

1
Q

State 5 characteristics of the lifestyle in pre-1780. [5]

A 
limited transport and communications
 widespread illiteracy
 clear class divisions
 lower class=violent, upper class=luxury
 long laborious working hours
 lived in rural areas
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2
Q

Define popular recreation. [1]

A

sport and pastimes of people in pre-industrial Britain

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3
Q

State the characteristics of popular recreation. [4]

A

Occasional, local, aggressive , male dominated, few rules

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of mob football? [4]

A

no rules, local, violent, Gambling involved

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5
Q

State the characteristics of real tennis. [4]

A

courtly/royal, civilised, complicated rules, played in grand houses

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6
Q

Define rational recreation. [1]

A

the sport and pastimes of people in the 19th century

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7
Q

What was the purpose of the Wenlock Olympic Games ? [2]

A

to promote physical, intellectual and moral improvements in a well ordered, organised and controlled way

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8
Q

State two things that Dr.William PennyBrookes did? [2]

A

created the Wenlock Olympic Games

made PE compulsory on the school curriculum

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9
Q

What did the upper class do to increase participation in the Olympic Games? [1]

A

prizes/awards

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10
Q

State 3 activities that occurred at the Wenlock Olympic Games.

A

pig chasing
any athletics event
football
old woman’s race

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11
Q

What was migration in the industrial revolution and how did it change sport? [2]

A 
lower class moving into urban areas looking for factory work
meant there was more purpose built facilities
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12
Q

What did the factory act mean for factory workers? [2]

A

they would have less working hours/ days off

increase in working wages

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13
Q

Why did the health of people in the industrial revolution improve? [1]

A

more baths/awareness

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14
Q

How did travel change in the industrial revolution? [2]

A

got cheaper and more readily available

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15
Q

What was public provision in the industrial revolution? [2]

A 
the middle class provided space for sport to be played
factory teams were set up
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16
Q

State 3 ways in which transport changed in the industrial revolution and how this influenced sport. [6]

A 
faster and further travel- nationwide fixtures and events
improved access to  parts of the country- development of teams and leagues
cheaper- working class could now travel to watch their local teams both home and away
improved access to countryside- now reach countryside and do activities such as rambling
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17
Q

State 2 ways in which communication changed in the industrial revolution and how it influenced sport.

A

improved education- they could read and write so understood the laws of the games and read and write tach reports
more newspapers- read about sporting vents from across the whole of the country

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18
Q

State three reasons why the church promoted sport in the industrial revolution? [3]

A 
encourage social control
 improve morality
 promote health
 promote christian values
 increase church attendance
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19
Q

How did the church influence sport? [3]

A 
provided civilised activities
provided facilities 
created associations (YMCA)
provided sporting opportunities
created clubs
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20
Q

What is codification? [1]

A

gradual organisation and defining of the rules in sport

formation of NGBs

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21
Q

Who were the middle class and what did they feel towards the working class? [2]

A

self-made individuals

had empathy and concern for working class (philanthropists)

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22
Q

Explain what the middle class did to increase the participation in sport. [6]

A

competitions- developed leagues and competitions
public provision- developed public facilities
increased leisure - gave factory workers time off
professionalism - payed for time off while playing sport
codification

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23
Q

State 3 groups of people who developed teams in the British Empire. [3]

A

teachers
factory owners
clergy

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24
Q

Explain, using examples, who spread sport to other countries in the British Empire. [3]

A

clergy spread sport through missionaries going abroad
army- spread sport through services
diplomas travelled and took sport
teachers taught traditional rules

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25
Q

Explain the role of NGBs in the emerging of sport in Britain. [4]

A

as popularity increased and more teams formed
leagues, national/international fixtures, competitions were organised by NGBs
they set rules for entire country
maintained amateur ideals

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26
Q

State 5 characteristics of the 19th century amateur. [5]

A 
valued health
rule regulated
respected members of society/ high status 
played a range of sports
high moral code 
social elite
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27
Q

State 4 differences/similarities between the modern day professional and the 19th century professional. [4]

A

all classes can compete/working class
training most days/little time to train
role models/not role models
respected for talent/ not respected for talent

committed to training/winning
rewards for winning

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28
Q

State some similarities between a modern day amateur and a 19th century amateur. [2]

A

value health
promotes fair play/moral code
play a range of sports

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29
Q

State 4 characteristics of a 19th century professional. [4]

A 
working class
poor
little time to train
committed to training and performing well
winning was important
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30
Q

Explain why there is ‘blurring’ between the modern day professionals and amateurs. [1]

A

amateurs get paid lots for sponsors

some amateurs train like professionals

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31
Q

State 5 factors that may have led to the increase in women’s participation in football. [5]

A 
more equal opportunities/seen as more socially acceptable 
more sports available
increased media coverage
more extra curricular activities at school
FA increased encouragement/approval
More clubs
increased participation (more funding)
free time
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32
Q

Explain why increased media coverage will have increased women’s participation in football. [3]

A

more women watch
more women role models
more want to get involved

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33
Q

How may have the war affected the development of women’s football? [1]

A

broke stereo-types

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34
Q

How has the PE curriculum changed for girls? [1]

A

more extra curricular activities

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35
Q

How has the FA affected women’s participation in football? [3]

A

increased approval
increased funding
more funding
national women’s team full supported by FA

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36
Q

State 5 factors that helped lead to the rationalisation of football. [5]

A 
urbanisation
more disposable income
transport
professionalism
social class links 
increased organisation
more free time
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37
Q

Outline how professionalism led to the rationalisation of football. [2]

A

factory workers could have time off to play and practice football
as they were now getting payed for it

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38
Q

How did the FA help the rationalisation of football? [3]

A

set up rules followed by whole nation
recognised professionalism in 1885
set up league fixtures/ competitions

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39
Q

Explain one factor that helped the rationalisation of football. [2]

A 
one of the following explained
urbanisation
free time
disposable income
transport
professionalism
social class links
increased organisation
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40
Q

Explain what is meant by Bosman ruling. [1]

A

allowed freedom of movement of workers

footballers could move clubs without a transfer fee being made

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41
Q

Describe the development of lawn tennis. [3]

A

middle class invented it
alternative to real tennis for those who couldn’t afford it
set up courts in their gardens
set up clubs

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42
Q

Describe the female game of lawn tennis in the late 19the century. [3}

A 
could play as a minimum exercise activity 
not too vigorous 
sweating was deemed unlady like
played in private gardens 
sometimes with males
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43
Q

Explain what is meant by the open era [1]

A

professionals were allowed to compete against amateurs and earn prize money

44
Q

State 4 characteristics of lawn tennis. [4]

A 
females could play
organised and invented by middle class
used specialist equipment 
standardised rules
spread to working class by public provision
45
Q

Lawn tennis was originally called sphairistike . What shape was the court? [1]

A

hourglass

46
Q

How did urbanisation lead to the rationalisation of athletics? [2]

A

more people in towns/cities

more spectators
purpose built facilities

47
Q

When and why did the women’s AAA form? [2]

A

1922

before then athletics was deemed as unlady like

48
Q

Explain how athletics was affected by the three tier system [2]

A 
upper and middle class could run for leisure 
lower class raced for financial gain
49
Q

What was the AAC? [5]

A
  • Amateur Athletics Club
  • formed by school and ex-university men
  • gentleman amateurs
  • excluded the working class or anyone running for financial gain
  • emphasised endeavor, fair play, no wagering and courage
50
Q

What effect did the London Olympics (1948) have on athletics? [1]

A

Increased in popularity

51
Q

Describe the golden triangle. [6]

A

-shows relationship between sport, business and media

  • media shows sport which increases interest in sport
  • sport provides article information
  • media allows sponsorships/adverts to be shown to many
  • business gives media money to be shown
  • sport provides a place for sponsorships/advertisements
  • media allows sport to be aired to many people at one time
52
Q

Identify the characteristics of commercial sport [4]

A 
wide media coverage
sponsorship
contracts
entertaining
professional
53
Q

What is commercialisation? [1]

A

the process of attempting to gain money from an activity

54
Q

How has commercialisation effected professional performers? [4]

A
  • higher income, for both playing and having sponsors
  • paid for success, makes winning more important
  • pressured, if injured lose sponsors/income
  • specialise, work hard to reach top of the game
  • entertainers, well-known names
  • controlled by sponsors, lack of privacy
55
Q

How has commercialisation effected sports? [3]

A
  • rules/scoring, sped up to prevent spectator boredom
  • breaks to provide time for adverts
  • negative effects on minority, women have less coverage time
  • technology, more personal experience for viewer
56
Q

Why do companies invest money into sport? [4]

A 
increase in sales
associated with high level performance
associated with a healthy image
tax relief
corporate hospitality 
improve company morale if team/athlete succeeds
57
Q

How has TV coverage changed sport [4]

A
  • more people can watch
  • support teams that aren’t local
  • increased sponsorships
  • changed rules/breaks/formats
  • increased interest
  • more money
58
Q

Define the term media [2]

A
  • an organised means of communication

- by which large numbers of different people can be reached quickly

59
Q

Define the term sponsorship. [2]

A

when a company pays for their products to be publicly displayed or advertised
in attempt to increase sales in their goods

60
Q

What is meant by merchandising [1]

A

the practice in which the brand or image from one product is used to sell another

61
Q

Define globalisation [3]

A
  • the process whereby nations are increasingly linked together
  • and people become more independent
  • via improvements in communication and travel
62
Q

Identify where globalisation is seen in sport. [3]

A
  • universal sponsorship of events (cola)
  • players play for teams in countries that aren’t their own
  • sports spread to new nations
  • increased pressure on athletes to do their best
63
Q

What is social media? [1]

A

online apps and websites that allow users to interact

64
Q

Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of social media on sport. [4]

A
  • athletes can connect with fans
  • athletes cam promote personal branding
  • athletes can engage with a wider audience
  • consequences for inappropriate use of media
  • mistakes once posted can’t be deleted
65
Q

State some different types of media [3]

A 
newspapers
TV coverage
social media
radio
internet
66
Q

Define society. [1]

A

an organised group of people associated for a specific purpose or with a shared common interest

67
Q

What is socialisation? [5]

A

-a lifelong process where members of a socirety learn its norms, values ideas and practices

  • primary happens in early childhood
  • from immediate family
  • secondary teenage years
  • from peers etc.
68
Q

What is sociology? [2]

A
  • examining the interactions and interdependence (the ways in which people live)
  • examining how human behaviour is controlled
69
Q

Explain how socialisation might lead to equality in sport. [1]

A

-individuals learn from others that inequality is a normal and acceptable aspect of society

70
Q

What is gender socialisation? [1]

A

-act of learning to conform to culturally defined gender roles

71
Q

What is meant by social control? [1]

A

the way in which people’s thoughts feelings, appearance and behaviour are regulated in social systems

72
Q

Why might women stop playing sport? [3]

A
  • want to look feminine
  • don’t feel they are muscular enough
  • need to look after children
  • lack of opportunities
73
Q

What is social change and how does the affect sporting institutions? [2]

A

an alteration in the order of society

so institution have to readjust to fit new needs

74
Q

What might cause social issues? [4]

A
  • lack of money
  • lack of self esteem
  • lack of role models
  • myth/stereotypes
75
Q

What might the consequences of social issues be? [2]

A
  • reduced participation
  • more crime
  • increased strain on the NHS
76
Q

What is social stratification and give an example. [2]

A

a type of inequality in which society is divided into different levels on the basis of a social characteristic

class system

77
Q

What is meant by social class? [1]

A

social inequalities within society

78
Q

Describe where inequality exists within schools. [3]

A

children in poorer areas
have less access to facilities/equipment/clubs

state vs public schools magnify this issue

makes those from poorer backgrounds less likely to participate in sports

making them unhealthy

79
Q

Give an example of a sport played by the upper class. [1]

A

tennis

golf

80
Q

State what factors might determine an individual’s social class [4]

A 
income
wealth
power
background
education
81
Q

What is the social action theory? [3]

A
  • sport is developed through the social relationships and networks of people
  • the progression of sport is down relationships/networks and the power the individuals have
  • people within society have to want something to change
  • which might gather momentum
  • causing change within society/sport
82
Q

Explain how women’s football has increased in popularity using the social action theory [3]

A
  • people within society wanted women’s football to improve
  • decided to take action
  • gathered momentum

eventually this was seen in the whole of society

83
Q

What is meant by equal opportunities [1]

A

right to access the same opportunities regardless of any factors

84
Q

Explain how prejudice can lead to discrimination [2]

A

prejudice is an unfavourable view of somebody based on inadequate factors

which may leads to the unfair treatment of someone based on these views (discrimination)

85
Q

What is meant by stereotyping [1]

A

making generalisations about all members of a certain group

86
Q

State 5 benefits of increasing participation in sport on the individual. [5]

A
  • lower body weight
  • lower blood pressure
  • lower stress levels
  • increases self esteem
  • improved social skills
  • more friendships
  • increased productivity
  • increased spending on healthy pursuits
87
Q

State 5 benefits of increasing participation in sport for society. [5]

A

-less strain on the NHS

  • increased social integration
  • improved morale
  • workplace/employer benefits (less time off work due to illness)
  • higher productivity
  • more money into the economy
  • increased leisure spend
88
Q

Explain an impact participation in sport has on an individual. [2]

A
  • lower body weight
  • lower blood pressure
  • lower stress levels
  • increases self esteem
  • improved social skills
  • more friendships
  • increased productivity
  • increased spending on healthy pursuits
89
Q

Explain an impact of participation in sport has on society [3]

A

-less strain on the NHS

  • increased social integration
  • improved morale
  • workplace/employer benefits (less time off work due to illness)
  • higher productivity
  • more money into the economy
  • increased leisure spend
90
Q

Describe reasons to increase participation in sport [5]

A

health/physical benefits
less strain on NHS

improved social skills
community

less crime

increased employment
more productivity

increased spending

91
Q

Using examples state the difference between integrated and segregated competitions. [4]

A
  • abled and disabled take part in activity same place and same time
  • London Marathon
  • disabled participate separately
  • Paralympics
92
Q

State 5 barriers that exist for the disabled in terms of participation in sport. [5]

A
  • low income
  • lack of access to facilities
  • lack of organised programmes
  • lack of self esteem
  • low levels of media coverage
93
Q

State a barrier and a solution for the disabled when participating in sport. [2]

A 
>income
invest
>facilities
improve access and transport
>organised programmes
-provide more programmes and clubs
>self esteem
-educate on stereotyping 
>media coverage
increase
94
Q

State 3 ways in which participation in sport for the disabled could be improved. [3]

A 
increase investment
improve access and transport to sporting facilities 
provide more programmes and clubs 
educate people on stereotyping 
increase media coverage
95
Q

Describe two ways to increase participation in sport for the disabled [4]

A

more investment
to make it more affordable

access and transport improved
so more facilities readily available

increase programmes
more ways to participate

educate on stereotyping
increase self esteem

media coverage
role models

96
Q

Define racism [1]

A

set of beliefs or ideas based on race

97
Q

Define the term stacking [1]

A

disproportionate concentration of ethnic minorities in certain positions of a sports team

98
Q

Define the term channelling [1]

A

ethnic minorities being pushed into certain positions/sports based on assumptions about them

99
Q

State 2 barriers and solutions to participation in sport for ethnic minorities. [4]

A

less role models
train more from minority backgrounds

conflict between religious and cultural preferences
ensure rules and regimes are reflective of cultural norms

fear of abuse
educate and punish abusers
organise campaigns

100
Q

What is the Rooney Rule? [1]

A

clubs/institutes have to interview minority candidates in football

101
Q

What is sexism? [1]

A

one sex is seen to be inferior to the other

102
Q

What barriers exist for women when participating in sport? [4]

A

stereo-typical myths
less media coverage
channelling women into ‘female sports’
negative impact of school PE programmes

103
Q

State 2 barriers and solutions to women participating in sport. [4]

A

stereo-types
introduce and enforce laws

media
increase

channelling
encourage acceptance

PE negativity
improve PE/help schools improve PE

104
Q

Why might there be more men participating in sport than women? [3]

A

less stereo-types
more media coverage
no channelling
have positive PE experience

105
Q

Define the term gender [1]

A

the biological aspect of a person

male/female

PE (9 decks)

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