Anatomy and physiology Flashcards
What is meant by myogenic? [1]
the heart generates its own impulse
Where is the SA node located and what is its role? [2]
right atrium
it initiates the hear beat/impulse
What is the role of the AV node? [4]
delays transmission for 0.1 seconds
so that atria can fully contract
so that ventricles can fill up
preventing blood splurge
What is the difference between a systole and a diastole? [2]
systole is the contraction of the heart
diastole is the relaxation of the heart
Where do the impulses travel for the ventricles to contract? [3]
bundle of his
via bundle of branches
purkinje fibres
What do the A) Chemoreceptors B) Proprioceptors C) Baroreceptors detect? [3]
A) PH, oxygen and carbon dioxide (chemical)
B) muscle movement
C) blood pressure
If there was a decrease in blood pressure what would you expect to happen next? [4]
info relayed to CCC
via sensory nerves
sympathetic nervous system stimulated
HR speeds up
What is the sympathetic nervous system? [2]
part of the autonomic nervous system
the increases heart rate
Where is the Cardiac Control Centre located? [1]
medulla oblongata (brain)
If there is an increase in CO2 would there be an increase in PH or decease? [1]
decrease
Explain Starling’s law. [5]
increase in venous return (blood returning to heart)
leads greater diastolic filling (blood entering heart when it is relaxed)
cardiac muscle stretches more
more force of contraction
increase in ejection fraction (percentage of blood pumped out of the heart)
What is the difference between cardiac out put and stroke volume? [2]
cardiac out out is the amount of blood pumped out of heart per minute
stroke volume is amount pumped out per beat
What is the calculation for cardiac out put?
add the averages into equation [2]
Q=SVxHR
cardiac output= stroke volume x heart rate
5.04l= 70 x 72
Define and write the equation for ejection fraction. [2]
percentage of blood pumped out of heart (60%)
stoke volume/ end diastolic volume x100
Describe what would happen to a person who increase their exercise. (Q, SV, HR and cardiac hypertrophy) [4]
Q= increase
SV= increase
HR= decrease
there would be cardiac hypertrophy which is the thickening/strengthening of cardiac tissue
How does exercise effect cardiac out put in the short term and long term? [3]
increases to max point before it plateaus
the resting Q of an untrained performer and a trained performer is the same
the max of a trained performer is higher than a trained performer
Why does stroke volume drop after a certain point? [1]
A quicker heartbeat means that the heart has less time to fill up
Explain what causes heart disease. Include atherosclerosis in your answer. [3]
atherosclerosis is the hardening an narrowing if arteries due to fatty deposits {atheroma}
causes angina (chest pain)Compare LDL with HDL. [4]
low-density lipoproteins transports the cholesterol in the blood to the tissues
this is the one that leads to heart disease
High-density lipoprotein-proteins transport the excess cholesterol to the liver so that it can be broken down
exercise increases the amount of HDL
Explain the two types of stroke and what they can lead to. [3]
ischaemic is the stroke that is caused when blood clots haemorrhagic is when the blood vessel bursts
lead to death/disability
Explain what cardiovascular drift is and why it happens.. [6]
HR is expected to remain the same when an athletes is exercising at a steady rate but it increases
fluid in plasma is lost due to sweating
result s in reduced venom return and reduced SV
Q needs to increase due to the energy needed in the body
so HR increases to compensate
Describe the two types of circulation. [2]
pulmonary is the blood from lungs to heart to lungs
systemic is the blood from lungs to body to lungs
Define blood pressure [1]
force exerted by blood against he blood vessel walls
blood flow x resistance
What is the effect of exercise in diastolic and systolic pressure and why? [4]
systolic pressure increases
as the heart contracts harder and there is a higher stroke volume
diastolic pressure decreases
due to vasodilation
What would you expect the blood pressure to be in a healthy person? [1]
120
___ mmHg
80
What is meant by venous return? [2]
the return of blood to the right side of the heart
via the vena cava
What percentage of blood is in the veins at rest? [1]
70%
What are the similarities and differences between the skeletal pump and the respiratory pump? [2]
-both press on veins acting as a pump as they move
-skeletal is muscles contracting/relaxing whereas
respiratory is the movement of the chest and stomach
Explain the role of pocket valves in venous return and sate some other factors (not skeletal/respiratory pump) that aid venous turn. [4]
prevent back flow
smooth muscle squeezes blood back to heart
gravity helps blood come down from upper body
suction pump action of the heart
What would you expect to happen to venous return if
A. increase in venous resistance
B. decrease in right atrial pressure
C. decrease in venous pressure
A. decrease
B.increase
C.decrease
What is formed when oxygen binds with haemoglobin? [1]
oxyhaemoglobin
State 3 characteristics/functions of myoglobin. [3]
{high affinity} for oxygen
stores oxygen for mitochondria
and can be used quickly
slow twitch muscle fibres have more myoglobin
Draw the oxygen dissociation curve. [3]
graph with x axis labelled partial pressure of oxygen
y axis labelled % saturation of haemoglobin
sigmoidal curve
Describe and explain the Bohr shift. [3]
during exercise line shifts to the right
because of an increase on carbon dioxide and body temperature
more oxygen is released to the muscles
What percentage of oxygen binds with haemoglobin and what happens to the rest of the oxygen? [2]
97%
3% dissolves with plasma
Define the term vascular shunt mechanism. [2]
redistribution of blood to areas of the body
where oxygen is needed more
Describe and explain how bold flow changes to
a. the brain
b. the heart
during exercise [4]
a. remains constant as the brain is always working
b. increases as the heart beats faster
Describe how blood is redistributed. [4]
chemoreceptors detect increase in co2 and lactic acid
this stimulates the vasomotor control centre (VCC)
blood is then redistributed to areas by
vasodilation where blood is needed
vasoconstriction where blood isn’t
What are capillary sphincters? [2]
muscles that contract and relax
to increase or decrease blood flow
Explain what is meant by arteriovenous difference and what happens to it during exercise? [2]
it is the difference between the amount of oxygen in the arterial blood driving at the muscles and the amount of oxygen in the blood leaving the muscles
increases as muscles need more oxygen for respiration
What is meant by ventilation? [1]
getting air into and out of the lungs
What is the difference between external an internal reparation? [2]
external is between the lungs and blood
whereas
internal is the gaseous exchange between capillaries and bodycells
What is cellular respiration? [2]
the metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells
to obtain energy from fuels such as glucose
How are the alveoli adapted too their function? [4]
thin walls lots of capillaries lots of alveoli large surface are to volume ratio moist high concentration gradient (to capillaries)
Define the term diffusion. [1]
movement of gas molecule to an area of high partial pressure to low partial pressure
Describe how altitude training may improve an athlete’s performance. [5]
less oxygen (lower partial pressure) in air at 2500m
reduction in diffusion gradient between lungs and air
less oxygen into blood/haemoglobin less saturated
quicker onset of aerobic respiration
also produce hormone EPO which
makes more red blood cells
more oxygen to muscles when at normal height
Evaluate Altitude training [6]
increases red blood cells
increases capilarisation
increases EPO
increases lactate tolerance
can’t train at same intensity - less fitness
altitude sickness
home sickness
What is HIIT? [3]
High intensity interval training
anaerobic or aerobic
short intervals go maximum intensity
followed by a set period of rest/low intensity
How can HIIT be varied? [4]
duration of work
intensity of work
duration of recovery
number of work/recovery intervals
What are the benefits of HIIT? [2]
can be varied (duration/type)
improves fat burning potential
increases glucose metabolism
What is plyometrics and what is it used for? [3]
repeated rapid stretching and contracting of muscles
high intensity explosive activities
fast twitch muscle fibre types
the more the muscles stretches the more force it can exert
increase muscle power
Describe the stretch shortening cycle. [6]
Eccentric phase/pre-stretching/loading
muscle performs an eccentric contraction/lengthens under tension
Amortisation phase
time between eccentric and concentric phase
short as possible as to not lose energy from eccentric phase
Concentric phase
used stored up energy to increase force o contraction
What are the two possible definitions of speed [2]
how fast somebody can move over a set distance
how quickly a body part can be put into motion
Define agility. [1]
ability to move and position the body quickly and effectively while under control
Describe SAQ. [4]
Speed Agility Quickness involves zig zag runs, ladders, passing aims to improve multi directional movement develops nerve muscular system maximun force anaerobic
Describe the process that allow the athlete to inspire. [4]
Diaphragm, and intercostals internal and external contract
At exercise sternocleidomastoid/ scalenes /petricolis minor
this causes the rib cage to move up and out
partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs decreases
oxygen enters via diffusion
What muscles are used during inspiration during exercise? [4]
diaphragm
intercostal muscles
scalenes
petricolis major
Describe the process that allows an athlete to expire. [5]
diaphragm and external intercostal muscles relax
internal intercostals and abdominals when exercising
ribcage falls
diaphragm into dome shape
increases the pressure in the lungs
air rushes out due to diffusion
Compare the muscles used during the expiration and inspiration [4]
both intercostal used
diaphragm used
diaphragm contract/relax
different muscles used (named)
What moves air into the lungs? [4]
differences in the air pressures inside and outside of the lungs
lower air pressure inside lungs than outside
so air moves in due to diffusion
diffusion is the movement of of gases from an area of higher concentration to lower
Describe a ball and socket joint. [3]
Head of one bone into the cup of another
movement occurs in all directions
e.g. shoulder/hip
Describe the type of joint at the elbow. [2]
hinge joint
movement in only one direction
What are the articulatory bones at the ankle. [1]
talus
tibia
fibula
In what plane and axis does flexion in the elbow occur? [2]
sagittal plane
transverse axis
Match the planes with the axis and movement. [3]
A. transverse plane
B. Frontal plane
C. sagittal plane
- Transverse axis
- longitudinal axis
- sagittal axis
i. shoulder hyperextension
ii. hip adduction
iii. shoulder horizontal abduction
frontal plane/sagittal axis/ hip adduction
Transverse plane/longitudinal axis/shoulder horizontal abduction
Sagittal plane/transverse axis/ shoulder hyperextension
Describe the joint actions that occur in the frontal plane and sagittal axis [2]
shoulder and hip
adduction and abduction
What is meant by the antagonist and give an example. [2]
agonist causes movement
the quadricep during flexion at the knee or eq.
Explain what is meant by isotonic movement [3]
there is movement at the muscles
concentric the muscle shortens under tension
eccentric the muscle lengthens under tension
Using an example explain what is meant by isometric contraction [3]
muscle contracts without lengthening or shortening
there is no movement
crucifixion position in gymnastics deltoid
Give an example of eccentric contraction.
quadriceps when landing in a star jump
What are the three muscle fibre types? [3]
slow twitch fibres/type I
Fast twitch type IIa/ oxidative glycolytic
type IIx/ fast glycolytic
State 5 characteristics of type I muscle fibres [5]
slow contraction speed smaller motor neurones less force low fatiguability high mitochondrial density high myoglobin content high capillary density high aerobic capacity low anaerobic capacity low ATPase activity
Compare and contrast oxidative glycolytic muscle fibres with fast glycolytic muscle fibres [6]
fast contraction speed
large motor neurone size
high force produced
medium/high fatiguability medium/low mitochondrial density medium/low myoglobin content medium/low capillary density high/very high anaerobic capacity medium/low aerobic capacity high/very high ATPase activity
Explain which muscle fibre type a 100m sprinter would use. [3]
Type 11x/fast glycolytic
need lots of force
and doesn’t need to last long
Who might use oxidative glycolytic muscle fibres? [3]
a 1500m runner
needs fast power
but needs some resistance to fatiguability
Describe the structure of a motor unit [3]
- neuron
- joined to muscular fibres
- neuromuscular junctions is where the muscle fibres join to the neurone
What does the all or none law state? [2]
- if an impulse is sent down a neuron all the muscle fibres will contract / converse
- the impulse must reach a sufficient threshold for the muscles to contract
What is wave summation? [4]
- repeated nerve impulse
- with no time to relax
- so a smooth sustained contraction occurs rather than twitches
- impulse reaches muscle calcium is released
- if impulses continue calcium will build up
- tetanic contraction
Explain how spatial summation can be used by a footballer jumping to head the ball. [3]
-strength of contraction changed
-by altering number
and size of muscle motor units used
-do this to produce more force an djump higher
What is a tetanic contraction? [2]
sustained muscle contraction
caused by repeating stimulus
What is the role of muscle spindles when performing PNF? [3]
- sends excitatory signals to the central nervous system about how far and fast the muscle is being stretched
- CNS sends impulse to muscle to make it contract
- triggers stretch reflex
- prevents over stretching/injury
What is the role of Golgi tendons in PNF? [3]
- detect tension in the muscle in isometric contractions
- sends inhibitory signals to brain
- antagonist relaxes and lengthens
- overrides stretch reflex
Describe the process of PNF. [3]
- perform passive stretch until detected by muscle spindles
- isometrically contract muscle for 10 seconds
- Golgi tendon inhibitory signals override the muscle spindles excitatory signals
- stretch again and leg will go further
- Contract, Relax, Antagonist Contract
State a strength and a weakness of PNF [2]
- effective in improving flexibility
- may cause injury to those with developing muscles
What is autogenic inhibition? [3]
- sudden relaxation in the muscle
- in response to high tension
- due to the receptors golgi tendon organs
What is the equation for minute ventilation? [2]
tidal volume (0.5ml) x number of breaths per minute (F) (12)
Define inspiratory reserve volume [1]
volume of air that can be forcibly inspired after a normal breath
What is residual volume [1]
volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration
Draw and label a spirometer graph [6]
IRV ERV RV Vital capacity TV MV
Define tidal volume [1]
volume of air breathed in or out per breath
Define partial pressure [2]
the pressure exerted by a gas
when it exists within a mixture of gases
Is the partial pressure of oxygen higher in the muscle tissue or at the capillaries? [1]
capillaries
What percentage of the air we breathe is oxygen? [1]
21%
How does the % of CO2 expired at rest differ to that expired during exercise? [3]
less
rest= 4 exercise=6
Hoe does the % of O2 expired at rest differ to that expired during exercise? [3]
more
rest=16.4 exercise=14
What is the role stretch receptors? [2]
prevent over inflation of the lungs
by sending impulses to the expiratory centre
What changes would be detected by receptors to increase breathing rate [3]
decrease in blood pressure
increase in muscle movement
increase in blood acidity/decrease in PH
What nerve do impulses travel down in [2]
a. the inspiratory centre
b. the expiratory centre
a. phrenic nerve
b. intercostal nerve
What muscles are active during expiration? [2]
abdominals
internal intercostal muscles
What muscles are active during inspiration? [2]
diaphragm
external intercostal
What causes smokers cough? [3]
- damage to cilia
- they stop pushing mucus out
- build up of mucus
- cough to remove mucus
What causes COPD? [5]
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease damage to alveoli walls join together bigger airspace than normal decreased SA:V less efficient gas exchange shortness of breath
Explain why carbon monoxide causes a shortness of breath. [3]
- attaches to haemoglobin more readily than oxygen
- so less oxygen goes to muscles
- breathing is heavier to increase oxygen into blood
What are cilia [2]
hair-like structure on cells
waft dust and mucus out of trachea
Identify how smoking can affects the lungs [4]
- increased breathlessness
- build up of mucus
- damages lining of trachea and bronchi
- damages alveoli walls
- less O2 delivered to muscles
Draw and label an EPOC graph [4]
o2 defecit
resting VO2
fast
slow
What does EPOC stand for? [1]
Excess Post exercise Oxygen Consumption
Define sub maximal oxygen deficit [1]
when there is not enough oxygen at the start of exercise to provide all ATP aerobically
What is O2 consumption? [1]
amount of oxygen used to make ATP
What is VO2 max? [1]
the maximum volume of oxygen that can be taken up by the muscles per minute
Compare the fast and slow component of EPOC? [3]
(fast/slow)
ATP and PC/ glucose glycogen
3 mins/ hours
first/ second
high breathing/regular breathing
Identify what happens in the fast EPOC? [2]
- PC and ATP stores replenished
- replenish myoglobin
Identify what happens in the slow component of EPOC [1]
-lactic acid converted to pyruvic and oxidised into glucose CO2 and water
How long does it take to resynthesis 50% od PC stores? [1]
30 seconds
What is the Cori cycle? [3]
the process where lactic acid is transported into the blood
to the liver
and is converted back to glucose
Why do we breathe heavier after exercise? [3]
resynthesises PC and ATP
replenishes myoglobin
breaks down lactic acid into glucose
How can we maximise glycogen replenishment [2]
- eat a high carb meal within one hour of exercise
3: 1 carb:protein
After exercise why does the body maintain a higher temperature? [1]
means muscles are replenished with oxygen quicker
How is lactate made? [3]
- Lactic acid breaks down
- which releases hydrogen ions
- the remaining compound combines with either sodium or potassium ions to make lactate
What is the difference between lactate threshold and lactate tolerance? [2]
the point at which there is a quick accumulation of lactic acid
tolerance is the point at which the muscles can no longer work due to the high levels of lactate in the blood
