Sport and society

Question 1

Characteristics of popular recreation

Answer 1

Rules were simple/ unwritten
Events were extremely local
Events rarely occurred and usually only at festival times once per year
Rural settings
aggressive
male dominated

Question 2

characteristics of mob football

Answer 2

limited transport = specific to each town
widespread illiteracy = strategies were limited and sports were basic in format
little free time for activity = sport mostly took place on hold days
lower class were poor = limited equipment/ facilities needed and sport often had a gambling element to them
male dominated

Question 3

Characteristics of real tennis

Answer 3

have enough money and land = have more room and better equipment to play sport
have a high class of education = play sports with strategy or those that are ‘rationalised’ as well as having a higher moral code
have free time = play whenever and can take time doing it
male dominated

Question 4

effects on society due to industrial revolution (1780)

Answer 4

people stopped farming the land and took up roles working in factories
people migrated towards cities
people had more free time than previously
people began to have money as they were paid for their work

Question 5

impact of urbanisation on sport

Answer 5

people moved towards towns and began to live in newly formed cities
reduced space to traditional sports
creation of facilities designed for sports
increased participation as well as spectatorship for sport
creation of wash houses (1846 wash house act) to increase hygiene and cleanliness

Question 6

Impact of transport on sport

Answer 6

improvement in railways and decreased travel costs:
increased transport = sporting fixtures could be played further afield
spectators could go to sporting events
people could travel to other locations to participate in sport/ recreation
beaches or countryside were popularised

Question 7

impact of improved communication

Answer 7

improved network of communication (newspapers) and improves literacy across lower classes:
people were able to find out about when and where sporting events where and attend them
people could find out about local events and discuss them in depth
media developed the idea of role models to follow

Question 8

impact of factories on sport

Answer 8

middle class ran factories who were old school boys/ uni graduates:
developed factory teams e.g Dial Square (Arsenal)
gave workers pay to afford sporting equipment
gave time off (saturday afternoon) to participate

Question 9

impact of churches on sport

Answer 9

supported sport and activity as an alternative to gambling and drinking
sport was views as a good way of promoting christian values
the Clergy thought it would be a good way to boost their attendance
Clergy started to play which promoted sport as acceptable to the working classes
church provided facilities for sporting participation
church organised teams (e.g aston villa) and comps
provided programmes such as boys brigade, scouts and YMCA

Question 10

impact of british empire on sport

Answer 10

Teachers: developed team and taught traditional sporting values through a range of schools in the empire
Factory owners: set up teams and gave workers time off to play
Clergy: developed church teams and helped to take sport abroad
Officers in the army: used sport within the armed services and spread sport throughout the empire
diplomats; travelled the world and took sport with them
NGB’S: regulated and codified sport for all

Question 11

impact of public schools and unis

Answer 11

uni’s came up with new ideas for sport and new sports
rules were codified and standardised
facilities were available for playing sport
when students graduated, they took the games to factories, churches, officers in the army
clubs were formed based upon these
teachers continued to teach these within school

Question 12

impact of middle class

Answer 12

acted as philanthropists - gifted sporting venues to the working class for no gain of their own
gave workers additional pay and time off work to participate
created factory teams for lower classes to play for

Question 13

impact of NGB’s

Answer 13

their role is to govern sport as a whole, including rules, regulations and competitions. e.g The Fa (football), LTU (tennis)
as more sports and teams were formed, they developed leagues that ensured rules were codified so that all teams were playing by the same rules

Question 14

Characteristics of rational recreation

Answer 14

Respectable - alteration of rules to reduce violence and increase strategy
Regional/ national/ international - due to transport improv
regular - increases free time and improved transport
rule-bound - NGBs gave definite rules for games
Religion - churches supported sport as fair and just and helped to develop teams
revolutions - industrial rev and urbanisation helped to shape new sport
recreation centres - purpose built facilities were given by middle-classes and churches for sport
Referees/ officials - NGBs defined sports more specifically to include officiating
reduced gambling - increased law and order

Question 15

Early amateurs

Answer 15

held a high status than professionals
play by set rules and extremely respectable, abiding by codes and ethics
no money was exchanged )played for love of sport)
were viewed as ‘elite performers’
middle classes strived to be classed in this as it linked them to upper class

Question 16

Early professionals

Answer 16

perceived to be corruptible (would throw a fight for money)
would not play by any moral code, cheating or using gamesmanship
would play solely to win
had little free time due to working hours
would train to be the best that they could be

Question 17

rationalisation of association football

Answer 17

ex public school boys set up teams via factories/ church which working class could participate in
commercialisation of football = provided basis for professional teams/ players
majority encouraged to become spectators/ increases disposable income
improvements in transport = more widespread fixtures
shorter working week
promotion of footy among population via media
industrial rev reduced number of festivals = reduced opportunities to play mob football
development of urban areas = destroyed traditional village rivalries used for mob footy
urban areas lacked open spaces needed for mob footy
industrialisation produced clear division between work and leisure time
laws/ changes in culture made rowdy, violent behaviour associated with mob games unacceptable
development of NGB’s codified rules and developed leagues

Question 18

development of womens role in footy

Answer 18

equal opportunities - sex discrimination act was passed leading to less sexual discrimination and increased availability of sport to women and girls
effects of war - womens role in war altered many stereotypes of women
increased media coverage - much more womens sport on tv and increase in role models
further provision via school sport - further push in schools for equality in sport
encouraged and supported by the FA - womens FA cup held at Wembley for first time in 2015
increase in creation of clubs - more opportunity for participation
increase in free time - alteration of traditional domestic responsibilities within society

Question 19

development and rationalisation of lawn tennis

Answer 19

middle class invention - affordable alternative to real tennis and still allowed some exclusion of working classes (private clubs)
played by middle classes - with enough space on suburban lawns that were in houses owned by m.c
organisational experience - form organising factories, had opp to organise clubs
use of specialised equipment - middle classes shad enough money to purchase more exclusive equipment
use of standardised rules - Wingfield’s ‘kit’ that supplies equip also included rules to ensure that the game was standardised

Question 20

development of womens role in lawn tennis

Answer 20

women were allowed to play as long as they were fully covered
was seen as much less strenuous than other sports so women wouldnt sweat as much = more acceptable
women could play with men in a social manner
was a civilised game that was more open to women
could participate in private/ hidden from view
aid overall development of women in sport as well as improving womens health and wellbeing

Question 21

development and rationalisation of athletics

Answer 21

early walking/ pedestrianism/ running races/ professionals
often linked to festival/ holiday
often involved wagering
early exclusion clauses/ amateur only
olympian/ athleticism/ etiquette
use of trust funds to maintain amateur status while competing for money
development of grand prix events/ diamond league

Question 22

suggest why opportunities for female elite performer are still restricted

Answer 22

stereotypical image of feminine activities: not wanting to appear aggressive or competitive
physical/ health concerns about participation/ physical ability to perform certain activities
emphasis on cosmetic fitness rather than competitive sports
discrimination/ sexisms/ member restrictions to clubs
limited media coverage/ role models/ promotion of opportunities
less funding via sponsorship/ lower price money and financial support
religious/ cultural restrictions
limited legislations to ensure equal opportunities
male dominated organsiations

Question 23

What is commercialisation and how does it impact, both positively and negatively

Answer 23

The process of attempting to gain money from an activity (turning it into a business)​
This could be through sponsorship opportunities or merchandising​
Increase in financial security for athletes to allow them to play ​
Encourages professionalism which leads to better performances
Better training facilities and equipment​
Funding filtered down to grass roots levels​
Players feeling pressured to perform​
Athletes subjected to being ‘entertainers’​
Athletes being controlled by their sponsors​
Alteration of sport for increased commercial efforts (change in rules)

Question 24

what are the benefits of commercialisation

Answer 24

Increased sales through publicity​
Increased brand awareness​
Association with excellent at the highest levels of sport​
Can decrease the amount of tax needing to be paid​
Improve company morale

Question 25

how does media impact sport both positively and negatively

Answer 25

Increase in access for everyone to be a spectator​
Increase in role models​
Increased opportunity for commercialisation​
Increased chance of being seen by other teams / scouted​
Increased pressure resulting in cheating​
Increased audience awareness / insight / involvement / connection​
Alteration of viewing times (Amazon Prime football)​
Alteration to rules of the game

Question 26

define society

Answer 26

An organised group of people associated for some specific purpose or with a shared common interest

Question 27

define socialisation

Answer 27

A lifelong process where members of a society learn its norms, values, ideas, practices and roles in order to take their place in that society

Question 28

define gender socialisation

Answer 28

the act or learning to conform to gender roles through socialiasation

Question 29

define social control

Answer 29

A way in which people’s thoughts, feelings, appearances and behaviours are regulated in social systems

Question 30

define social change

Answer 30

Where institutions (established organisations) readjust to meet ‘new needs’ of groups in society or an alteration in the social order of society

Question 31

define social issues

Answer 31

Problems that affect many people in society

Question 32

define social inequalities

Answer 32

The unfair situations where resources or opportunities are distributed unevenly within a society

Question 33

define social stratification

Answer 33

A type of social inequality where society is divided into different levels on the basis of a social characteristics, such as wealth or status

Question 34

what are the 2 phases of socialisation

Answer 34

Primary – Occurs in early years with family – more likely to play sports that family are interested in​

Secondary – Later years from teen to adult and other agencies such as friends and peers influence – more likely to play sports that friends and peers are interested in

Question 35

how does social control occur and how might this impact sporting tendencies

Answer 35

Peer pressure to participate in sports similar to those around​
Role models may not exist for your sport i.e. limited Asian football players​
Domestic stereotypes may force women to focus on child care ​
Lack of free time because of work/lifestyle commitments may alter times available for sport​
Social views upon sport (similar to gender socilisation) may cause men and women to choose different sports – men power based sports, women fitness and finesse based sports

Question 36

how might social change benefit overall society

Answer 36

include this girl can and street games
Increase in overall participation​
Health benefits​
Social, mental and physical wellbeing​
Reduced NHS burden​
Fitter and healthier nation​
Reduced anxiety and depression​
Increase role models for future generations

Question 37

what social issues/ inequalities exist that could lead to alteration in participation levels

Answer 37

Lack of money – inability to access equipment to participate in sports such as golf​
Lack of confidence – inability to join new clubs for sports that have not been experienced at school such as rock climbing​
Lack of role models – lack of people to follow and aspire to be like such as swimmers who are black​
Myths or stereotypes – creates a barrier to participating such as women are not as strong as men so shouldn’t weightlift

Question 38

how might social stratification alter sporting participation

Answer 38

Access to a range of activities​
Time dedicated to activities​
Quality of coaching and teaching​
Quality of facilities​
Historical domestic role (looking after younger siblings)​
Feelings of inferiority​
Lack of role models​
Reduced transport availability​
Increased importance of work over sport

Question 39

define prejudice

Answer 39

A preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience​

Question 40

define stereotypes

Answer 40

A stereotype is a preconceived idea about a group ​

Some people may believe that women should not play sport / certain sports such as rugby

Question 41

define discrimination +example

Answer 41

Discrimination is unfair treatment of a person based on a stereotype or prejudice ​

A person with a disability would be discriminated against if they were denied access to a club because they were a wheelchair user

Question 42

define channelling and stacking

Answer 42

Channelling – being ushed into certain sports, based on assumptions about them​

Stacking – selection of senior roles based on prejudicial thoughts – often white able-bodied men in positions of seniority such as chairman or head coach

Question 43

barriers people with disabilities face

Answer 43

Lack of role models which leaves a lack of inspiration​
Stereotypes of certain attributes to push them away from certain sports such as rugby​
Lack of facilities which may mean they cannot access certain sports such as swimming​
Lack of specialist coaches so there is no one to train them in their specific sport​
Difficulty in transport to specialist facilities

Question 44

solutions to overcome barriers for disabled people

Answer 44

Increased media coverage to develop more role models​
Increased funding to provide more specialist equipment and facilities​
Increased funding to develop further coaching in specialised sports
Increased funding to provide transport to specialist facilities

Question 45

barriers women face

Answer 45

Lack of role models which leaves a lack of inspiration​
Stereotypes of certain attributes to push them away from certain sports such as rugby​
Lack of funding which may make the prospect of turning professional impossible, stopping participation​
Lack of coaches so there is no one to train them in their specific sport

Question 46

solutions to overcome barriers women face

Answer 46

Increased media coverage to develop more role models​
Increased funding to provide more coaches for women’s sport​
Increased funding to make pay in sport equal for all​
Education to alter stereotypes in sport​
Organise campaigns against sexism in sport​
Punish sexist acts

Question 47

define social action theory and give example of scheme

Answer 47

Individuals interact within society​​
Sport can help to aid and alter society itself ​​
E.g. equality in society, abolishment of discrimination
This Girl Can – Development of role models and reducing stigmatisation of women in sport and developing equal rights for women​
This then develops the idea of women being equal in society as well as sport

Question 48

what service can sport england provide local partners with to develop sport at a local level

Answer 48

Club development / better clubs allows more people to participate ​
Coaching development / better coaches / more coaches improves the standard of performance ​
Education programmes increase awareness of the importance of health and fitness ​
Equality / targeted campaigns working to increase participation among under-represented groups ​
Facility development / more / better facilities allow more people to participate ​
Funding and support for grassroots sports to provide the facilities / coaches / equipment to increase participation ​
Marketing and communication to allow local clubs to spread the word about the opportunities which are available ​
Safeguarding allows local clubs to provide safe environments so everyone feels comfortable taking part ​
Strategic network working with other organisations to increase participation​
Volunteer development provide more volunteer coaches / officials so clubs can effectively cater for more participants

Question 49

identify and describe the role of sport englands national partners/ initiatives

Answer 49

English Federation of Disability Sports (EFDS) – a national charity dedicated to increasing participation in sport and physical activity amount disabled people.​

Sporting Equals – an organisation which exists to actively promote greater involvement by disadvantages communities and particularly in black, Asian and minority ethnic (BAME) populations. ​

Women in Sport – This group aims to make being active more attractive to women and teenage girls by truing to break down the barriers which exist for all women. ​

This Girl Can – A campaign by Women in Sport in 2015 to overcome barriers to increased participation in sports among women and girls.​

StreetGames – A national charity dedicated to developing sport with disadvantages communities, making it accessible to all, regardless of social circumstances.