Skill acqu 2 (principles and theories of learning and performance)

Question 1

cognitive stage of learning

Answer 1

novice
external feedback
trial and error
movements are slow and uncoordinated
motor programmes not yet developed

Question 2

associative stage of learning

Answer 2

longer duration
some feedback can come from internal
lots of practice (can still use trial and error)
performer may compare current level of performance to that of a top-class performer, and adjust practice to reach that top level
movements become smoother and more coordinated
motor programmes are developed

Question 3

autonomous stage of learning

Answer 3

reached after effective practice
actions are fluent, efficient and automatically undertaken
performer can concentrate of fine details of task
motor programmes fully developed
performer is classed as an expert

Question 4

feedback

Answer 4

Positive: encouragement
Negative: error correction
Extrinsic: from outside source
Intrinsic: from within
Knowledge of results: concerns outcome
Knowledge of performance: about technique

Question 5

define learning plateaus

Answer 5

a period during performance when there are no signs of improvement. the performer does not seem to be getting any better at the task

Question 6

reasons for learning plateus and solutions

Answer 6

lack of motivation - coach offer more praise, positive reinforcement/ get feedback on how to improve
boredom - variety added
coaching - new coach to raise performance lvls
limit of ability - concept of learning plateu explained to performer so they don’t take personal responsibility for lack of improvement
target set too low - task extended = new challenge added
fatigue - allow rest

Question 7

stages of learing plateau

Answer 7

1) rate of learning is slow and performance lvl is poor because performer is new to task and in cognitive stage of learning = possibly using trial and error
2) rapid acceleration because performer began to master task = provides reinforcement and motivation
3) no improvement in rate of learning as performance has reached plateau
4) period towards end of task where performance may decrease due to fatigue = drive reduction occurs (an end-of-task period when performance may get worse) because lost gained success on task = lost initial drive to succeed and a new challenge/ extension needs to be added

Question 8

define learning plateu

Answer 8

a period of no improvement in performance

Question 9

solutions to plateau effect

Answer 9

add a new challenge/ set new targets of goals
find a new coach to raise performance levels
coach could offer more positive reinforcement and praise to provide motivation
rest to avoid fatigue
more variety could be added to prevent boredom
concept of plateau could be explained to the performer
receive feedback to help improve performance and motivation

Question 10

methods of guidance

Answer 10

visual
verbal
mechanical
manual

Question 11

theories of learning

Answer 11

operant conditioning
observational learning (bandura)
social development theory (Vygotsky)
insight learning (gestaltist theories)