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A Level PE > Sport and Society > Flashcards

Sport and Society Flashcards

1
Q

Define ethics:

A

how we should behave

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2
Q

Define deviance:

A

breaking the rules in sport or society

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3
Q

Define fair play:

A

sticking to the rules

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4
Q

Define sportsmanship:

A

fair play, respect and a sense of fellowship with competitors

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5
Q

Define gamesmanship:

A

not necessarily breaking the rules but using psychological or underhand methods to win a game or put off your opponent

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6
Q

What is the Lombardian belief?

A

winning means everything, it doesn’t matter how you win as long as you win

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7
Q

Give an example of gamesmanship:

A

Didier Drogba time wasting by faking injury

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8
Q

Give an example of deviance:

A

Steve Smith Australian cricket ball tampering, smoothing the ball with sand paper

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9
Q

Examples of fair play:

A

fair play awards, helping out opponents, owning up when rules are broken

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10
Q

Why is sportsmanship on the decline?

A

commercialisation, profit and need to win mentality

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11
Q

Give an example of sportsmanship:

A

Adam Gilchrist walking incient- owned up to being outy

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12
Q

What is relative deviance?

A

actions which are considered acceptable in sport but not in society

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13
Q

Give an example of relative deviance:

A

boxing

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14
Q

What is absolute deviance?

A

actions which are considered unacceptable in all areas of life

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15
Q

Give an example of absolute deviance:

A

Suarez biting players

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16
Q

What is deviant overconformity?

A

athletes love their sport so much they will do anything to keep playing or be the best that they can be

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17
Q

Give an example of deviant overconformity:

A

Mo Farah sleeping in an oxygen tent

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18
Q

What is deviant underconformity?

A

not accepting or conforming the rules of sport or society as a player or anybody associated with a sport

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19
Q

Give an example of deviant underconformity:

A

taking PEDs

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20
Q

What are the 4 dimensions to Coakley’s Sports ethic?

A

1) making sacrifices for the game
2) striving for distinction
3) accepting risks and playing through pain
4) accepting no limits

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21
Q

Give an example of doping in sport:

A

Justin Gatlin 2001 and 2008 (8 year ban to 4 years)

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22
Q

What was the name of the East German State doping system?

A

State programme 1425

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23
Q

What are the positives of a centralised system?

A

culture of excellence, all scientific and medical support in one area, reduced costs, success (role models), showcase political values

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24
Q

What are the negatives of a centralised doping system ?

A

culture of fear/elitism, doping, expensive to set up, long term health risks

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25
Q

What is WADA?

A

World Anti-Doping Agency: international responsibility for clean athletes

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26
Q

What is UKAD?

A

UK Anti-Doping: responsible for clean athletes in UK

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27
Q

What are TUE’s?

A

Therapeutic Use Exemptions: consent to use medical substances

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28
Q

What is ADAMS?

A

Anti-Doping Administration and Management System: registration site of TUE’s and athletes whereabouts

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29
Q

What is a biological passport?

A

electronic document containing all the biological information on an athlete

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30
Q

Arguments FOR the use of PEDs:

A
  • better entertainment
  • your body your choice
  • drugs safe via regulation
  • money spent on testing can be spent elsewhere
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31
Q

Arguments AGAINST the use of PEDs:

A
  • health risks
  • level playing field compromised
  • cheating
  • superhumans created
  • bad role models
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32
Q

How could PEDs be incorporated into sport?

A

different classes for drug users and spreading out of prize money so winning is less vital

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33
Q

What is mechanical doping?

A

use of technology/ mechanics to improve performance

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34
Q

What is genetic doping?

A

altering the bodies natural states

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35
Q

What is hooliganism?

A

disorderly, aggressive and often violent behaviour perpetrated by spectators at sporting events

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36
Q

What are the causes of hooliganism?

A
  • ritualised behaviour
  • extreme political beliefs
  • results
  • alcohol
  • peer pressure
  • on pitch incidents
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37
Q

Give 3 examples of serious hooliganism incidents?

A

1) Heysel Disaster 1985- wall collapse 39 deaths
2) Bradford City Stadium Fire 1985- 56 deaths
3) Hillsborough Disaster 1989- congestion in ground 96 deaths

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38
Q

What is the Taylor Report?

A

all stadiums were made seated

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39
Q

How can hooliganism be controlled?

A
  • police and stewards
  • all seater stadiums
  • controlling ticket sales
  • segregation on fans
  • alcohol reduction
  • CCTV
  • bans
  • club punishment
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40
Q

What can the causes of violence on pitch come from?

A
  • temperature
  • split crowds
  • pain of injury
  • fatigue
  • embarrassment
  • poor officiating
  • media pressure
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41
Q

What is hostile aggression?

A

violent reaction driven by the moment

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42
Q

What is instrumental aggression?

A

planned and calculated reaction

43
Q

Define society:

A

people living together in an orderly community

44
Q

Define culture:

A

the ideas, customs, and social behaviour of people in a particular society

45
Q

Define social institution:

A

an accepted set of norms that support the survival of a society

46
Q

In what way has sport had an impact on society and its morals?

A
  • united nation
  • crime reduction
  • investment return value
  • education progression
  • improved social cohesion
47
Q

What is the bread and circuses effect?

A

sport keeps society entertained and reduces crime

48
Q

What is the premier league KICKS programme?

A

premier league clubs work with young people in high need areas of the community

49
Q

What are the 5 diseases associated with a sedentary lifestyle?

A

1) cardiovascular disease
2) diabetes
3) cancer
4) Atherosclerosis/ arteriosclerosis
5) osteoporosis

50
Q

What is the idea that sport transcends?

A

sport rises above and beyond, it is all encompassing

51
Q

How are the Olympics used as a political tool?

A
  • social benefits
  • economic benefits
  • legacy of new stadia/transport infrastructure
  • health benefits
  • sport specific benefis
  • role models
  • nation building
  • political tool
52
Q

Examples of major sporting events in history:

A
  • Berlin 1936 Hitler Games
  • Mexico 1968 Black Power Salutes
  • 1986 USSR + US Friendship Olympics
  • Sydney 2000 Aboriginals
  • Beijing 2008 Human Rights
  • Mussolini Soft Power Football
  • World Chess Championships 1974
53
Q

What is the foundation stage of the participation pyramid?

A

majority of participants, complete beginners

54
Q

What is the participation stage of the participation pyramid?

A

one or two chosen activities on a regular basis for enjoyment, clubs

55
Q

What is the competition/performance stage of the participation pyramid?

A

performers interested in developing ability and demonstrating their talent eg county

56
Q

What is the elite stage of the participation pyramid?

A

individuals reach sporting excellence, governing bodies become responsible for athletes

57
Q

What are the 3 factors affecting participation?

A

Provision, Opportunity, Esteem

58
Q

What is meant by ‘sport is a microcosm of society’?

A

the same issues occur in sport that occur throughout society

59
Q

Define discrimination:

A

the unfair or prejudicial treatment of people and groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, age or sexual orientation

60
Q

Define social differentiation:

A

differences in groups based on biological, physiological or socio cultural factors that can result in perceptions of roles and status

61
Q

What are the barriers for participation due to race?

A
  • race logic (physically > mentally)
  • centrality/ stacking system (dominant role taken by dominant race)
  • lack on minority coaches + role models
  • muslim women restricted ‘purdah’
62
Q

How are sports becoming more racially inclusive?

A
  • Rooney rule
  • campaigns: BLM, kick it out
  • tougher penalties and punishment
63
Q

What are the barriers for participation due to disability?

A
  • safety
  • lack of specialist knowledge and coaching
  • lack of role models/ media
  • lack of funding
64
Q

How are sports becoming more disability inclusive?

A
  • role models
  • larger profiles: paralympics
  • equality policy
  • improved technology
65
Q

What are the barriers for participation due to gender?

A
  • Victorian ideals
  • media
  • lack of role models
  • gender tagging
  • sexploitation
66
Q

How are sports becoming more gender inclusive?

A
  • campaigns: this girl can, nike
  • prize money
  • role models
  • increased media coverage
  • government targets
67
Q

How were the results for team GB affected by class?

A
  • britain’s athletes 4 times more likely pt be privately educated
  • 40% medalists from private schools
68
Q

What is Coakley’s idea that sport ‘transcends’?

A

sport transcends the issues of money, power and economic status

69
Q

What is Sport England responsible for?

A
  • mass participation

- national campaigns eg this girl can

70
Q

What is UK sport responsible for?

A
  • elite sport and antidoping
  • podium, podium potential, foundation
  • TASS and JAE schemes for young athletes
71
Q

What is the English Institute of Sport responsible for?

A
  • improving sport through science, medicine, technology and engineering
72
Q

What is the Youth Sport Trust responsible for?

A
  • charity that ensures am equal access to sport for all children
73
Q

What is Sports Coach UK responsible for?

A

supporting coaches at all levels

74
Q

Give examples of talent identification programmes?

A

tall and talented, fighting chance, girls 4 gold, sporting giants

75
Q

Give an example of an athlete identified through a talent identification programme?

A

Helen Glover- sporting giants for rowing

76
Q

What is the British Olympic Association responsible for?

A

securing funding and selecting teams

77
Q

Give examples of pre-industrial revolution sports?

A
  • bull and bear baiting
  • archery
  • mob football
78
Q

What are the characteristics of popular recreations and mob games?

A
  • simple: few rules
  • local
  • violent/cruel
  • occasional: festival/holy days
  • rural: few boundaries
  • linked to work but a chance to escape reality
79
Q

What are the differences between mob and modern games?

A
  • rules: simple vs complex
  • boundaries: few vs stadiums
  • area: local vs international
  • work: escaping vs job
  • violence: cruel vs controlled
  • occasions: festivals vs regularly
80
Q

How was the game of rugby thought to be invented?

A

Webb Ellis catching and running with the ball in a game of football at Ruby School

81
Q

Define rationalisation:

A

the technical development of sports in the public schools

82
Q

What are the 3 stages of Rationalisation?

A

1) School Boys and Popular Recreation
2) Dr Thomas Arnold and the Christian Gentleman
3) The Melting Pot

83
Q

What does stage 1 consist of?

A

public schoolboys were inspired by mob games that they weren’t allowed to play so made their own

84
Q

What is muscular Christianity?

A

sport promoted the christian values of honesty, fairness and leadership

85
Q

What does stage 2 consist of?

A

Dr Thomas Arnold wanted to promote muscular Christianity and inspired a new breed on liberal headmasters who promoted sport, left sixth formers in charge

86
Q

What does stage 3 consist of?

A

public school boys went to university and played other universities, rules developed and new staff who played sport at school entered public schools encouraging the playing of sport

87
Q

Give 3 examples of the initial sports at public schools?

A

1) the close at rugby school
2) the cloisters at charter house
3) the eton wall game

88
Q

What was the Gentleman vs The Players?

A

separate competitions for gentleman (amateurs) and players (poorer but sometimes professional) in cricket

89
Q

What is the ‘fagging’ system?

A

sixth formers enforced rules, in order the give rules boys must learn to take them

90
Q

How did the FA become professional?

A

threats from northern and midlands clubs to withdraw from competition put pressure on the ex public schoolboys so in 1885 it became professional

91
Q

What is the importance of transport within sport?

A

steam railway allowed teams to travel to one another, stadiums were built next to rail links

92
Q

How did the North South divide occur in rugby?

A
  • rugby became more popular in the north than the south
  • north demanded broken time payment
  • broke RFU amateurism rules
  • rugby league formed
  • league formed different rules in 1900
93
Q

What is Baron Pierre de Coubertin’s role in the formation of the Olympics?

A
  • founder
  • inspired by Much Wenlock Games
  • inspired by muscular christianity
94
Q

What values did the first Olympic games promote?

A

fair play and sportsmanship

95
Q

Give an example of the application of amateurism at the Olympics?

A

Jim Thorpe has Olympic medals stripped as he accepted 5 dollars to play semi pro baseball

96
Q

How did sport transition from amateur to professional?

A

1) broken time payments
2) popular to spectators
3) advertising and sponsorship
4) TV and PPV

97
Q

What is shamateurism?

A

pretending to be amateur

98
Q

Give examples of shamateurism?

A

USA college scholarships, American draft system, soviet union (USSR)

99
Q

What is the americanisation of sport?

A

America were the first country to use sport to profit with LA 1984 games being the first privately funded

100
Q

How has commercialisation changed sport?

A
  • rules/ format changes
  • playing time altered
  • pay per view
  • high profile stars
  • sensationalised sport
101
Q

What is the first example of the commercialisation of sport?

A

programmes and scorecards being sold at baseball matches

102
Q

What is the golden triangle made up of?

A

Media/TV, Sponsorship, Sportstars

103
Q

What are the positives of the golden triangle?

A
  • more entertainment
  • role models
  • sponsorship funds grassroot
  • increased popularity
  • new formats
  • athletes recruited globally
  • sponsors get publicity
104
Q

What are the negatives of the golden triangle?

A
  • wages hyperinflate
  • intrusion on players private lives
  • media control timings
  • media intrusion on decisions
  • passive spectatorism
  • increased pressure to succeed
  • top performers attract the most money
  • sport is changed

A Level PE (5 decks)

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