Sport and Society Flashcards
1
Q
Define ethics:
A
how we should behave
2
Q
Define deviance:
A
breaking the rules in sport or society
3
Q
Define fair play:
A
sticking to the rules
4
Q
Define sportsmanship:
A
fair play, respect and a sense of fellowship with competitors
5
Q
Define gamesmanship:
A
not necessarily breaking the rules but using psychological or underhand methods to win a game or put off your opponent
6
Q
What is the Lombardian belief?
A
winning means everything, it doesn’t matter how you win as long as you win
7
Q
Give an example of gamesmanship:
A
Didier Drogba time wasting by faking injury
8
Q
Give an example of deviance:
A
Steve Smith Australian cricket ball tampering, smoothing the ball with sand paper
9
Q
Examples of fair play:
A
fair play awards, helping out opponents, owning up when rules are broken
10
Q
Why is sportsmanship on the decline?
A
commercialisation, profit and need to win mentality
11
Q
Give an example of sportsmanship:
A
Adam Gilchrist walking incient- owned up to being outy
12
Q
What is relative deviance?
A
actions which are considered acceptable in sport but not in society
13
Q
Give an example of relative deviance:
A
boxing
14
Q
What is absolute deviance?
A
actions which are considered unacceptable in all areas of life
15
Q
Give an example of absolute deviance:
A
Suarez biting players
16
Q
What is deviant overconformity?
A
athletes love their sport so much they will do anything to keep playing or be the best that they can be
17
Q
Give an example of deviant overconformity:
A
Mo Farah sleeping in an oxygen tent
18
Q
What is deviant underconformity?
A
not accepting or conforming the rules of sport or society as a player or anybody associated with a sport
19
Q
Give an example of deviant underconformity:
A
taking PEDs
20
Q
What are the 4 dimensions to Coakley’s Sports ethic?
A
1) making sacrifices for the game
2) striving for distinction
3) accepting risks and playing through pain
4) accepting no limits
21
Q
Give an example of doping in sport:
A
Justin Gatlin 2001 and 2008 (8 year ban to 4 years)
22
Q
What was the name of the East German State doping system?
A
State programme 1425
23
Q
What are the positives of a centralised system?
A
culture of excellence, all scientific and medical support in one area, reduced costs, success (role models), showcase political values
24
Q
What are the negatives of a centralised doping system ?
A
culture of fear/elitism, doping, expensive to set up, long term health risks
25
What is WADA?
World Anti-Doping Agency: international responsibility for clean athletes
26
What is UKAD?
UK Anti-Doping: responsible for clean athletes in UK
27
What are TUE's?
Therapeutic Use Exemptions: consent to use medical substances
28
What is ADAMS?
Anti-Doping Administration and Management System: registration site of TUE's and athletes whereabouts
29
What is a biological passport?
electronic document containing all the biological information on an athlete
30
Arguments FOR the use of PEDs:
- better entertainment
- your body your choice
- drugs safe via regulation
- money spent on testing can be spent elsewhere
31
Arguments AGAINST the use of PEDs:
- health risks
- level playing field compromised
- cheating
- superhumans created
- bad role models
32
How could PEDs be incorporated into sport?
different classes for drug users and spreading out of prize money so winning is less vital
33
What is mechanical doping?
use of technology/ mechanics to improve performance
34
What is genetic doping?
altering the bodies natural states
35
What is hooliganism?
disorderly, aggressive and often violent behaviour perpetrated by spectators at sporting events
36
What are the causes of hooliganism?
- ritualised behaviour
- extreme political beliefs
- results
- alcohol
- peer pressure
- on pitch incidents
37
Give 3 examples of serious hooliganism incidents?
1) Heysel Disaster 1985- wall collapse 39 deaths
2) Bradford City Stadium Fire 1985- 56 deaths
3) Hillsborough Disaster 1989- congestion in ground 96 deaths
38
What is the Taylor Report?
all stadiums were made seated
39
How can hooliganism be controlled?
- police and stewards
- all seater stadiums
- controlling ticket sales
- segregation on fans
- alcohol reduction
- CCTV
- bans
- club punishment
40
What can the causes of violence on pitch come from?
- temperature
- split crowds
- pain of injury
- fatigue
- embarrassment
- poor officiating
- media pressure
41
What is hostile aggression?
violent reaction driven by the moment
42
What is instrumental aggression?
planned and calculated reaction
43
Define society:
people living together in an orderly community
44
Define culture:
the ideas, customs, and social behaviour of people in a particular society
45
Define social institution:
an accepted set of norms that support the survival of a society
46
In what way has sport had an impact on society and its morals?
- united nation
- crime reduction
- investment return value
- education progression
- improved social cohesion
47
What is the bread and circuses effect?
sport keeps society entertained and reduces crime
48
What is the premier league KICKS programme?
premier league clubs work with young people in high need areas of the community
49
What are the 5 diseases associated with a sedentary lifestyle?
1) cardiovascular disease
2) diabetes
3) cancer
4) Atherosclerosis/ arteriosclerosis
5) osteoporosis
50
What is the idea that sport transcends?
sport rises above and beyond, it is all encompassing
51
How are the Olympics used as a political tool?
- social benefits
- economic benefits
- legacy of new stadia/transport infrastructure
- health benefits
- sport specific benefis
- role models
- nation building
- political tool
52
Examples of major sporting events in history:
- Berlin 1936 Hitler Games
- Mexico 1968 Black Power Salutes
- 1986 USSR + US Friendship Olympics
- Sydney 2000 Aboriginals
- Beijing 2008 Human Rights
- Mussolini Soft Power Football
- World Chess Championships 1974
53
What is the foundation stage of the participation pyramid?
majority of participants, complete beginners
54
What is the participation stage of the participation pyramid?
one or two chosen activities on a regular basis for enjoyment, clubs
55
What is the competition/performance stage of the participation pyramid?
performers interested in developing ability and demonstrating their talent eg county
56
What is the elite stage of the participation pyramid?
individuals reach sporting excellence, governing bodies become responsible for athletes
57
What are the 3 factors affecting participation?
Provision, Opportunity, Esteem
58
What is meant by 'sport is a microcosm of society'?
the same issues occur in sport that occur throughout society
59
Define discrimination:
the unfair or prejudicial treatment of people and groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, age or sexual orientation
60
Define social differentiation:
differences in groups based on biological, physiological or socio cultural factors that can result in perceptions of roles and status
61
What are the barriers for participation due to race?
- race logic (physically > mentally)
- centrality/ stacking system (dominant role taken by dominant race)
- lack on minority coaches + role models
- muslim women restricted 'purdah'
62
How are sports becoming more racially inclusive?
- Rooney rule
- campaigns: BLM, kick it out
- tougher penalties and punishment
63
What are the barriers for participation due to disability?
- safety
- lack of specialist knowledge and coaching
- lack of role models/ media
- lack of funding
64
How are sports becoming more disability inclusive?
- role models
- larger profiles: paralympics
- equality policy
- improved technology
65
What are the barriers for participation due to gender?
- Victorian ideals
- media
- lack of role models
- gender tagging
- sexploitation
66
How are sports becoming more gender inclusive?
- campaigns: this girl can, nike
- prize money
- role models
- increased media coverage
- government targets
67
How were the results for team GB affected by class?
- britain's athletes 4 times more likely pt be privately educated
- 40% medalists from private schools
68
What is Coakley's idea that sport 'transcends'?
sport transcends the issues of money, power and economic status
69
What is Sport England responsible for?
- mass participation
| - national campaigns eg this girl can
70
What is UK sport responsible for?
- elite sport and antidoping
- podium, podium potential, foundation
- TASS and JAE schemes for young athletes
71
What is the English Institute of Sport responsible for?
- improving sport through science, medicine, technology and engineering
72
What is the Youth Sport Trust responsible for?
- charity that ensures am equal access to sport for all children
73
What is Sports Coach UK responsible for?
supporting coaches at all levels
74
Give examples of talent identification programmes?
tall and talented, fighting chance, girls 4 gold, sporting giants
75
Give an example of an athlete identified through a talent identification programme?
Helen Glover- sporting giants for rowing
76
What is the British Olympic Association responsible for?
securing funding and selecting teams
77
Give examples of pre-industrial revolution sports?
- bull and bear baiting
- archery
- mob football
78
What are the characteristics of popular recreations and mob games?
- simple: few rules
- local
- violent/cruel
- occasional: festival/holy days
- rural: few boundaries
- linked to work but a chance to escape reality
79
What are the differences between mob and modern games?
- rules: simple vs complex
- boundaries: few vs stadiums
- area: local vs international
- work: escaping vs job
- violence: cruel vs controlled
- occasions: festivals vs regularly
80
How was the game of rugby thought to be invented?
Webb Ellis catching and running with the ball in a game of football at Ruby School
81
Define rationalisation:
the technical development of sports in the public schools
82
What are the 3 stages of Rationalisation?
1) School Boys and Popular Recreation
2) Dr Thomas Arnold and the Christian Gentleman
3) The Melting Pot
83
What does stage 1 consist of?
public schoolboys were inspired by mob games that they weren't allowed to play so made their own
84
What is muscular Christianity?
sport promoted the christian values of honesty, fairness and leadership
85
What does stage 2 consist of?
Dr Thomas Arnold wanted to promote muscular Christianity and inspired a new breed on liberal headmasters who promoted sport, left sixth formers in charge
86
What does stage 3 consist of?
public school boys went to university and played other universities, rules developed and new staff who played sport at school entered public schools encouraging the playing of sport
87
Give 3 examples of the initial sports at public schools?
1) the close at rugby school
2) the cloisters at charter house
3) the eton wall game
88
What was the Gentleman vs The Players?
separate competitions for gentleman (amateurs) and players (poorer but sometimes professional) in cricket
89
What is the 'fagging' system?
sixth formers enforced rules, in order the give rules boys must learn to take them
90
How did the FA become professional?
threats from northern and midlands clubs to withdraw from competition put pressure on the ex public schoolboys so in 1885 it became professional
91
What is the importance of transport within sport?
steam railway allowed teams to travel to one another, stadiums were built next to rail links
92
How did the North South divide occur in rugby?
- rugby became more popular in the north than the south
- north demanded broken time payment
- broke RFU amateurism rules
- rugby league formed
- league formed different rules in 1900
93
What is Baron Pierre de Coubertin's role in the formation of the Olympics?
- founder
- inspired by Much Wenlock Games
- inspired by muscular christianity
94
What values did the first Olympic games promote?
fair play and sportsmanship
95
Give an example of the application of amateurism at the Olympics?
Jim Thorpe has Olympic medals stripped as he accepted 5 dollars to play semi pro baseball
96
How did sport transition from amateur to professional?
1) broken time payments
2) popular to spectators
3) advertising and sponsorship
4) TV and PPV
97
What is shamateurism?
pretending to be amateur
98
Give examples of shamateurism?
USA college scholarships, American draft system, soviet union (USSR)
99
What is the americanisation of sport?
America were the first country to use sport to profit with LA 1984 games being the first privately funded
100
How has commercialisation changed sport?
- rules/ format changes
- playing time altered
- pay per view
- high profile stars
- sensationalised sport
101
What is the first example of the commercialisation of sport?
programmes and scorecards being sold at baseball matches
102
What is the golden triangle made up of?
Media/TV, Sponsorship, Sportstars
103
What are the positives of the golden triangle?
- more entertainment
- role models
- sponsorship funds grassroot
- increased popularity
- new formats
- athletes recruited globally
- sponsors get publicity
104
What are the negatives of the golden triangle?
- wages hyperinflate
- intrusion on players private lives
- media control timings
- media intrusion on decisions
- passive spectatorism
- increased pressure to succeed
- top performers attract the most money
- sport is changed
