Sport and Society Flashcards
Define ethics:
how we should behave
Define deviance:
breaking the rules in sport or society
Define fair play:
sticking to the rules
Define sportsmanship:
fair play, respect and a sense of fellowship with competitors
Define gamesmanship:
not necessarily breaking the rules but using psychological or underhand methods to win a game or put off your opponent
What is the Lombardian belief?
winning means everything, it doesn’t matter how you win as long as you win
Give an example of gamesmanship:
Didier Drogba time wasting by faking injury
Give an example of deviance:
Steve Smith Australian cricket ball tampering, smoothing the ball with sand paper
Examples of fair play:
fair play awards, helping out opponents, owning up when rules are broken
Why is sportsmanship on the decline?
commercialisation, profit and need to win mentality
Give an example of sportsmanship:
Adam Gilchrist walking incient- owned up to being outy
What is relative deviance?
actions which are considered acceptable in sport but not in society
Give an example of relative deviance:
boxing
What is absolute deviance?
actions which are considered unacceptable in all areas of life
Give an example of absolute deviance:
Suarez biting players
What is deviant overconformity?
athletes love their sport so much they will do anything to keep playing or be the best that they can be
Give an example of deviant overconformity:
Mo Farah sleeping in an oxygen tent
What is deviant underconformity?
not accepting or conforming the rules of sport or society as a player or anybody associated with a sport
Give an example of deviant underconformity:
taking PEDs
What are the 4 dimensions to Coakley’s Sports ethic?
1) making sacrifices for the game
2) striving for distinction
3) accepting risks and playing through pain
4) accepting no limits
Give an example of doping in sport:
Justin Gatlin 2001 and 2008 (8 year ban to 4 years)
What was the name of the East German State doping system?
State programme 1425
What are the positives of a centralised system?
culture of excellence, all scientific and medical support in one area, reduced costs, success (role models), showcase political values
What are the negatives of a centralised doping system ?
culture of fear/elitism, doping, expensive to set up, long term health risks
What is WADA?
World Anti-Doping Agency: international responsibility for clean athletes
What is UKAD?
UK Anti-Doping: responsible for clean athletes in UK
What are TUE’s?
Therapeutic Use Exemptions: consent to use medical substances
What is ADAMS?
Anti-Doping Administration and Management System: registration site of TUE’s and athletes whereabouts
What is a biological passport?
electronic document containing all the biological information on an athlete
Arguments FOR the use of PEDs:
- better entertainment
- your body your choice
- drugs safe via regulation
- money spent on testing can be spent elsewhere
Arguments AGAINST the use of PEDs:
- health risks
- level playing field compromised
- cheating
- superhumans created
- bad role models
How could PEDs be incorporated into sport?
different classes for drug users and spreading out of prize money so winning is less vital
What is mechanical doping?
use of technology/ mechanics to improve performance
What is genetic doping?
altering the bodies natural states
What is hooliganism?
disorderly, aggressive and often violent behaviour perpetrated by spectators at sporting events
What are the causes of hooliganism?
- ritualised behaviour
- extreme political beliefs
- results
- alcohol
- peer pressure
- on pitch incidents
Give 3 examples of serious hooliganism incidents?
1) Heysel Disaster 1985- wall collapse 39 deaths
2) Bradford City Stadium Fire 1985- 56 deaths
3) Hillsborough Disaster 1989- congestion in ground 96 deaths
What is the Taylor Report?
all stadiums were made seated
How can hooliganism be controlled?
- police and stewards
- all seater stadiums
- controlling ticket sales
- segregation on fans
- alcohol reduction
- CCTV
- bans
- club punishment
What can the causes of violence on pitch come from?
- temperature
- split crowds
- pain of injury
- fatigue
- embarrassment
- poor officiating
- media pressure
What is hostile aggression?
violent reaction driven by the moment
What is instrumental aggression?
planned and calculated reaction
Define society:
people living together in an orderly community
Define culture:
the ideas, customs, and social behaviour of people in a particular society
Define social institution:
an accepted set of norms that support the survival of a society
In what way has sport had an impact on society and its morals?
- united nation
- crime reduction
- investment return value
- education progression
- improved social cohesion
What is the bread and circuses effect?
sport keeps society entertained and reduces crime
What is the premier league KICKS programme?
premier league clubs work with young people in high need areas of the community
What are the 5 diseases associated with a sedentary lifestyle?
1) cardiovascular disease
2) diabetes
3) cancer
4) Atherosclerosis/ arteriosclerosis
5) osteoporosis
What is the idea that sport transcends?
sport rises above and beyond, it is all encompassing
How are the Olympics used as a political tool?
- social benefits
- economic benefits
- legacy of new stadia/transport infrastructure
- health benefits
- sport specific benefis
- role models
- nation building
- political tool
Examples of major sporting events in history:
- Berlin 1936 Hitler Games
- Mexico 1968 Black Power Salutes
- 1986 USSR + US Friendship Olympics
- Sydney 2000 Aboriginals
- Beijing 2008 Human Rights
- Mussolini Soft Power Football
- World Chess Championships 1974
What is the foundation stage of the participation pyramid?
majority of participants, complete beginners
What is the participation stage of the participation pyramid?
one or two chosen activities on a regular basis for enjoyment, clubs
What is the competition/performance stage of the participation pyramid?
performers interested in developing ability and demonstrating their talent eg county
What is the elite stage of the participation pyramid?
individuals reach sporting excellence, governing bodies become responsible for athletes
What are the 3 factors affecting participation?
Provision, Opportunity, Esteem
What is meant by ‘sport is a microcosm of society’?
the same issues occur in sport that occur throughout society
Define discrimination:
the unfair or prejudicial treatment of people and groups based on characteristics such as race, gender, age or sexual orientation
Define social differentiation:
differences in groups based on biological, physiological or socio cultural factors that can result in perceptions of roles and status
What are the barriers for participation due to race?
- race logic (physically > mentally)
- centrality/ stacking system (dominant role taken by dominant race)
- lack on minority coaches + role models
- muslim women restricted ‘purdah’
How are sports becoming more racially inclusive?
- Rooney rule
- campaigns: BLM, kick it out
- tougher penalties and punishment
What are the barriers for participation due to disability?
- safety
- lack of specialist knowledge and coaching
- lack of role models/ media
- lack of funding
How are sports becoming more disability inclusive?
- role models
- larger profiles: paralympics
- equality policy
- improved technology
What are the barriers for participation due to gender?
- Victorian ideals
- media
- lack of role models
- gender tagging
- sexploitation
How are sports becoming more gender inclusive?
- campaigns: this girl can, nike
- prize money
- role models
- increased media coverage
- government targets
How were the results for team GB affected by class?
- britain’s athletes 4 times more likely pt be privately educated
- 40% medalists from private schools
What is Coakley’s idea that sport ‘transcends’?
sport transcends the issues of money, power and economic status
What is Sport England responsible for?
- mass participation
- national campaigns eg this girl can
What is UK sport responsible for?
- elite sport and antidoping
- podium, podium potential, foundation
- TASS and JAE schemes for young athletes
What is the English Institute of Sport responsible for?
- improving sport through science, medicine, technology and engineering
What is the Youth Sport Trust responsible for?
- charity that ensures am equal access to sport for all children
What is Sports Coach UK responsible for?
supporting coaches at all levels
Give examples of talent identification programmes?
tall and talented, fighting chance, girls 4 gold, sporting giants
Give an example of an athlete identified through a talent identification programme?
Helen Glover- sporting giants for rowing
What is the British Olympic Association responsible for?
securing funding and selecting teams
Give examples of pre-industrial revolution sports?
- bull and bear baiting
- archery
- mob football
What are the characteristics of popular recreations and mob games?
- simple: few rules
- local
- violent/cruel
- occasional: festival/holy days
- rural: few boundaries
- linked to work but a chance to escape reality
What are the differences between mob and modern games?
- rules: simple vs complex
- boundaries: few vs stadiums
- area: local vs international
- work: escaping vs job
- violence: cruel vs controlled
- occasions: festivals vs regularly
How was the game of rugby thought to be invented?
Webb Ellis catching and running with the ball in a game of football at Ruby School
Define rationalisation:
the technical development of sports in the public schools
What are the 3 stages of Rationalisation?
1) School Boys and Popular Recreation
2) Dr Thomas Arnold and the Christian Gentleman
3) The Melting Pot
What does stage 1 consist of?
public schoolboys were inspired by mob games that they weren’t allowed to play so made their own
What is muscular Christianity?
sport promoted the christian values of honesty, fairness and leadership
What does stage 2 consist of?
Dr Thomas Arnold wanted to promote muscular Christianity and inspired a new breed on liberal headmasters who promoted sport, left sixth formers in charge
What does stage 3 consist of?
public school boys went to university and played other universities, rules developed and new staff who played sport at school entered public schools encouraging the playing of sport
Give 3 examples of the initial sports at public schools?
1) the close at rugby school
2) the cloisters at charter house
3) the eton wall game
What was the Gentleman vs The Players?
separate competitions for gentleman (amateurs) and players (poorer but sometimes professional) in cricket
What is the ‘fagging’ system?
sixth formers enforced rules, in order the give rules boys must learn to take them
How did the FA become professional?
threats from northern and midlands clubs to withdraw from competition put pressure on the ex public schoolboys so in 1885 it became professional
What is the importance of transport within sport?
steam railway allowed teams to travel to one another, stadiums were built next to rail links
How did the North South divide occur in rugby?
- rugby became more popular in the north than the south
- north demanded broken time payment
- broke RFU amateurism rules
- rugby league formed
- league formed different rules in 1900
What is Baron Pierre de Coubertin’s role in the formation of the Olympics?
- founder
- inspired by Much Wenlock Games
- inspired by muscular christianity
What values did the first Olympic games promote?
fair play and sportsmanship
Give an example of the application of amateurism at the Olympics?
Jim Thorpe has Olympic medals stripped as he accepted 5 dollars to play semi pro baseball
How did sport transition from amateur to professional?
1) broken time payments
2) popular to spectators
3) advertising and sponsorship
4) TV and PPV
What is shamateurism?
pretending to be amateur
Give examples of shamateurism?
USA college scholarships, American draft system, soviet union (USSR)
What is the americanisation of sport?
America were the first country to use sport to profit with LA 1984 games being the first privately funded
How has commercialisation changed sport?
- rules/ format changes
- playing time altered
- pay per view
- high profile stars
- sensationalised sport
What is the first example of the commercialisation of sport?
programmes and scorecards being sold at baseball matches
What is the golden triangle made up of?
Media/TV, Sponsorship, Sportstars
What are the positives of the golden triangle?
- more entertainment
- role models
- sponsorship funds grassroot
- increased popularity
- new formats
- athletes recruited globally
- sponsors get publicity
What are the negatives of the golden triangle?
- wages hyperinflate
- intrusion on players private lives
- media control timings
- media intrusion on decisions
- passive spectatorism
- increased pressure to succeed
- top performers attract the most money
- sport is changed
