Sport and Identity: Inclusion/Exclusion Flashcards
Hegemonic Masculinity
The dominate and culturally idealised form of masculinity
What year was homosexuality outlawed in NZ and then when the law was passed again and when same sex marriage was allowed
1840
1986
2013
$ spent on LGBTQ jobs in sport
$150 million
How did the All Blacks acknowledge diversity
tops when stretched showed a rainbow
Different Sexual Orientations
exists in every race, nation, and social class etc and occurs at different times and levels
% of people that have experienced homophobia in sport
78%
Reading: Men’s Netball (2)
- designed to emphasise femininity
- ‘there is something weird about seeing a bloke wearing bib’
What 5 thing make sport unique in relation to LGBTQIA
- type of sport and sexuality
- physical contact and viewing
- naked bodies
- traveling (sharing rooms)
- relationships between players and coaches
Stat that highlights that sport isn’t a safe space for gay men
10 or less professional male athletes come out as gay during their career, women are more likely to come.
Reading: (The Most Level Playing Field) Kenya Running (3)
- Intense and Concentrated competition and standards and numbers of elite athletes
- genetics and environmental factors
- modern training and lots of funding
Reading: Maori/Pacific Sport and Wellbeing (2)
- maori songs, prayers and language
- traditional games to promote fitness and wellbeing
- Family and church
Race: Denial of Access
black denied to play sport
tiger woods is an example of this being banned from a gold course until 1997 and this gold course to this day only has 9 black members
Race: Stereotypes (4)
- swimming, claims were made that they couldn’t swim due to the pores in their skin
- can’t perform on a cold day
- blacks being compared to machines and beasts/animals rather then other humans
even though there was no science behind this people still believed it
What did Julian Starkey say about diverse athletes and participation rates dropping off
when athletes start to become more specific at one event most blacks chose sprinting and hurdling (sport they are believed to be good at) the blacks are all good at running because they have to get away from the burglaries
Stacking
positional segregation based on social factors vs skill and performance
in other words this is when an athletes chose to participate in a sport they should be good at rather then what they are actually good at
Stacking in NFL
those in charge tend to be white QB
speed postions tend to be black people - running back
Blacks and their genetic edge
“Blacks have the genetic edge” these comments would now be considered racist as their is no link between genetics and race
Athletics records by ‘race’ (stats from the reading) % or people in the world that are black and % of top running times that are from African Origin
- 1/8 people in the world are black but 70% of the top times held by runners are of African origin
% top times are from those with ancestry from West Africa
95
All 100m finalists in the 100m have been from 1984-2016 West African Decent. Based on there population numbers what are the chances of this happening
0.(34 0)1
USC Track Coach Brookes Johnson
“…. blacks that are superior in some areas and therefore inferior in other areas”
this refers to hegemony masculinity and stacking
Intersectionality
Understanding identity in the relation to different ‘vectors’ of oppression and how these influence the nature and degree of oppression.
Pigmentation and Race
do not equal each other
Race Limitations (3)
- people confuse race with culture and biology
- never been a study on comparing black and whites genetics and performance
- only 10% of gene pool is different
% of Americans with Black and then White Ancestry
10%
75%
Pacific is Complex as has
22,000 islands and 1200 languages spoken
6 Things in the Pacific health views
- culture
- family
- physical
- spiritual
- mental
- other
How Pacific people think of sport (4)
- anything counts, even playing with kids for example
- keeps kids of the Street
- bringing people together
- good health and fitness
Pacific Athletes and their opportunities (2)
- they see it as their ticket out for a better life
- migration: moving elsewhere and becoming citizens to play there
Pacific Athletes Challenges (3)
- more likely to play through pain as if they get injured they could lose money and stop providing for their family back home
- being away from home
- being called “natural athletes”
Stereotypes and Racial Representation
strong muscular body, aggressive.
Scalping Tickets
buying tickets then selling them for a higher price to desperate people
Native Indian Stereotypes (5)
- savages: know for scalping
- weak
- spiritual
- drunks
- government dependent
% of Native Indians that have been eliminated over the past 500 years
90%
Washington Redskins and the Native Indians
- Coach said they would never change but then got pressured by sponsors and NFL to do so
- honouring them
- didn’t intend to hurt them
Florida State Seminoles
have retained their name and mascot as the tribe has allowed them to
How many teams/school changed their names and how many haven’t
1000 have
1200 haven’t
Origin and Evolution of Human Skin Pigmentation
- UV is higher towards the equator where most human originally lived. Here the skin had lots of melatonin to protect us from the suns dangerous UVR so was black.
- We then started migrating away from the equator where there is less UV so this caused the skin pigmentation to turn lighter due to only UVA and not UVB or VD, so in order to maximise VD light skin evolved
Ka Mate Hake Invention
in 1820’s to celebrate fleeing his enemies
but he isn’t the best romodel as he did kill lots of members
When and who performed the first sport haka
1888
and NZ Native Football team
Commercialisation of the Haka
part of entertainment all over the world
The Haka’s Rights
it is hard to know how to respect the haka as not one person owns it
- AB’s have permission to use to
- it is protected in NZ but not the whole world
Texas Trinity College and the Haka
the haka is used in other countries as pre game rituals where is it represented as a war dance, think it belongs to samoa and think that everyone can do it
The Haka Represents (4)
agression
war
violence
throat slitting
18th Century Beliefs of Gender
only one gender - males
females were just lesser men
males with small penis’s at birth often resulted in them getting removed to change to female
Number of names of ‘naughty’ female vs male
20 men names
220 female names
Gender Cost
pink tax on female products
Toys and Gender Experiment (4)
adults gave kids certain toys based of how they were dressed
this is just our dominant way of thinking
Flow Rate
females take 3 times longer to wee then males
Sport and Gender (4)
is historically a male space
highly visible and popular
last frontier of masculinity
a space where aggression is allowed
2 Reasons why women may not participate in PA
time pressures
lack of confidence
Countries with greater gender equality ……
win more olympic medals
Girls who play sport ….. (4)
- high confidence, self esteem and lower depression
- positivity around body image
- have better grads
- accelerate their career
1890s “the New Women” and the Bicycle (5)
- played sport, wore skirt above the ankle, wanted a life beyond home
- by riding a bike made them attract attention, allow men to stare and pass remarks she was public property
- was a sexual image
- allowed them to get away from home (associated with prostitutes)
What a Harvard Professor and founder of the olympics said about women and sport (4)
impractical
uninteresting
unaesthetic
incorrect
Womens Football Game in 1920 got how big of a crowed?
53,000 and 15,000 locked out
Womens Football in 1921
got banned on medical grounds
When was the Womens Football Banned till
1971
Sport, Gender and Media
coverage by men, for men, about men
1996 Atlanta Olympic Coverage
first global spectacle to consciously target a female audience. this was succesfull as views went up 25%
Why is media coverage important
gives inspiration
breaks down stereotypes
increase participation
Media Stats
4% is devoted to women
12% is present by women
Toni Bruces 3 Patterns of Media Sport and Females
- older rules
- persistent rules
- current rules
Older Rules
still exist but no as prevalent
eg. treating women like children
% of how less active young females are to males
28%
Persistent Rules
established and difficult to change despite extensive critique
eg. media coverage
Current Rules
coverage of female and male athletes are similar
eg. women as serious athletes
Alternative Masculinites
gay, disabled, black etc
Masculinity Triangle
hegemonic men have more power then both women and alternative men
1910 Boy Scouts
with the first wave of feminism they found that boys were becoming to feminine so they used sport to reaffirm masculinity
21st Century Masculinity Crisis
men are becoming more increasingly concerned about their body image
The Final Frontier of Masculinity
physical realm becomes important to men to maintain power
it is the last place that men can truly be men
Pain Principle
enduring pain contributes to masculinity
no pain no gain
How does sport define masculinity
- type of sport
- commitment
- male space
- linked to sport and war
- physical contact and viewing without having to be gay
- emotional display
- women as sexual images
Beer Ad
respect a man that drinks speights
How is homophobia different compared to other forms of discrimination
this is personal to the persons sex, however groups of certain people are discriminated
What makes sport a unique context for understanding homophobia
athletes travel together, touch others, have lockers rooms where nudity appears etc
Professor Nina Jablonski and Race Quote
“the whole idea that pigmentation equals race is simply nonsense”
Pacific: Stairway to Wellbeing
the development and implementation of physical recreation and sport in a way that is culturally appropriate to maori
Amount of homeless people are there in the world
100 million
homelessness definition
different countries have different definitions as Homelessness is something that can be measured/identified in many ways
HFWC Vision and Mission
is for a world without homelessness
“To use football to support and inspire people who are homeless to change their own lives; and to change perceptions and attitudes towards people who are experiencing homelessness”
