Sporadic Cow Disease Flashcards
Pericarditis
- what
- CS (6)
- Dx
- CST
- Tx
traumatic penetration of wire from reticulum through diaphragm and into pericardium
CS:
- muffled heart
- splashing
- pyrexia
- CV signs
- whithers positive
- abduction of forelimbs
Dx: CS ± US (pus around the heart)
CST: neutrophilia / increased globulin
Tx: rumenetomy, magnet, broad spec. ABs (rarely successful)
Endocarditis
- What
- CS (4)
- CST
- Tx
haematogenous spread of bacteria that settles on valve leaflets causing granulomatous infection (from metritis, lamenss, liver abscess, pneumonia)
CS
- murmur
- pyrexia
- CV signs
- abduction of forelimbs
CST: increased TP
Tx: broad spec. ABs: rarely successful
Ventricular septal defect
- CS (4)
- Dx
- Tx
- prognosis
CS:
- systolic murmur
- ± stunting
- ± CV signs
- ± exercise intolerance
Dx: RHS murmur
Tx: none
Prognosis: ok, depends on context
Persistent Foramen Ovale (3)
often no signs/no murmur
- left to right shunt
- probably well tollerated
Tetraology if Fallot (2)
- rare
- fatal no treatment
Epistaxis
- cause
- pathology
- Tx
- Prognosis
Vena cava thrombosis
acidosis –> septic emboli in liver –> phlebitis/emboli in caudal vena cava –> embolic pneumonia –> chronic suppurative pneumonia/abscess/pulmonary arterial lesions –> aneurysm of pulmonary artery –> haemorrhage of pulmonary artery –> epistaxis
often intermittent epistaxis then cow is found in a pool of their own blood.
Tx: supportive/none
Prognosis: poor
Oral lesions DDX list
- FOOT AND MOUTH
- bovine papular stomatitis
- mucosal disease
- malignant catarrhal fever
- calf diptheria
- actinobacillosis
- actinomyces
- RINDERPEST
- BLUETONGUE
BPS
-poxvirus
-ring: central necrotic area, white ring of hyperplasia, red ring of inflammation
-Tx: none
ZOONOTIC
oral trauma
- causes
- CS (6)
- Tx
cause: drenching, bolus admin, FB CS: -hypersalivation -head/neck swelling -anorexia -halitosis -URT signs -LN
Tx: NSAIDs, broad spec ABs, nursing
Wooden tongue
- cause (2)
- CS (5)
- Tx
- prognosis
- note
- actinobacillosis lignieresi (gram -ve)
- related to trauma/tooth eruption
CS:
- firm tongue, minimal movement
- hypersalivation
- anorexia
- cudding
- bolus of food in oral cavity
Tx: streptomycin for 7 dayas
prognosis: good
NOTE: cutaneous form seen with nodules in skin
Lumpy Jaw
- cause
- CS
- Tx
- Prognosis
Actinomyces bovis (gram +ve) osteomyelitis of mandibular bone
CS: swelling of jaw and LN
Tx: penicilin
Prognosis: godo
oesophageal FB/obstruction
CS:
- hypersalivation
- halliotosis
- bloat
- distress
Dx: unable to pass stomach tube
Tx: gag and grab, St to dislodge ±sedation adn buscopan
Babesia
- What
- History (3)
- CS (8)
- Dx (4)
- Tx (2)
- Prvention
Babesia divergens
Ixodidae ticks are the vector
History
– Adult (calve born with innate immunity which is lost with age)
– Tick habitat,
– Warm weather
CS – Dull – Haemaglobinuria, – Fever – Anaemia – Weight loss – Death 1-3 weeks post – Infection, – ‘Pipe stem’ faeces (coils when it comes out)
Dx – Hx/CS – stained blood smear – low HCT – PCR
TX:
– Imidocarb (‘Imizol’): Really long meat & milk withdrawal: must notify DVM if used
– Blood transfusion
Prevention: double dose of imidocarb
PP haemaglobinurea
- cause
- history
- CS (3)
- Dx
- Tx
Cause: hypophosphataemia (milk fever) ± brassicas
–Phosphorus is required for metabolisation of RBC so if not present, it’s just excreted
Hx – recently calved, diet change
CS
– Haemaglobinuria
– Anaemia
– Sick cow
Dx – Hx, CS, BS Ph, blood smear
Tx – Phosphorus (‘Foston’)
Kale/rape poisoning
- why
- CS (3)
- Tx (3)
•feeding only brassicas for 3 weeks
CS
– Death
– Haemaglobinuria
– aneamia + associated signs
Tx
– Remove from source
– Blood transfusion,
– Supportive
Bacillary heamglobinurea
Cause
CS (4)
Tx
Prevention
Cx – clostridium novyi type D (soil): Toxin is haemolytic, latency
CS – Sudden death – haemoglobinuria – anaemia – Jaundice
Tx – penicillin
Px – vaccination
Copper Poisoning
-cause (3)
-CS
acute (1)
chronic (4)
-Dx
-Prevention
Cx – over supplementation, wrong feeding
Cattle < sheep (e.g. Texel)
Acute intravascular haemolytic crisis
CS –Acute ➢ death – Chronic ➢ Sick ➢ Jaundiced ➢ Anaemia ➢ Haemaglobinuria
Dx – liver copper test
Px – ensure deficient before supplement
Bracken poisoning/Enzootic haematuria
-cause
-CS
acute (3)
chronic (2)
-Tx
Cx – Rhizome or young shoots (frond) if no grass
Contains canrcinogen and cyanogentic glycoside
CS – Acute ➢ Leucopenia/thromocytopaenia ➢ Haemorrhage of bladder ➢ Pyrexia – Chronic ➢ Bladder tumour ➢ Haematuria
Treatment: supportive, remove from bracken
Pylonephritis
- cause
- CS (5)
- Dx (3)
- Tx
Cx – haematogenous spread (bactermaemia) or ascending from bladder/uterus (navel)
CS – (Colic if acute), – Ill thrift – Polyuria – Dysuria – Pus/blood in urine – Enlarged kidney found on rectal
Dx – CS, urinalysis, scan kidney
Tx – long course ABs
Amyloidosis
- cause (4)
- CS (5)
- Dx (3)
- Tx
- DDX (2)
Cx – Chronic inflammation – ANYTHING!! – Abnormal Ag/Ab reaction – Amyloid deposition Proteinuria – Deposited first in kidney then in spleen/liver
CS – Ill thirft – Frothy urine – Enlarged kidney – D+ – Oedema (low protein)
Dx
– Proteinuria
– Low SG
– Hyperglobulinaemia
Tx – none
Main ddx – pyelonephritis (enlarged kidney) or heart disease (oedema)
Dermatophilosis
- AKA ‘Rain scald’ (horses), ‘lumpy wool’
- Actinomycete (Dermatophilus congolensis)
- Warm and wet conditions
- Along back OR muzzle of bucket fed calves
- ‘Paint brush lesions’: tufts of hair held together by exudate of skin
- Tx - oxytetracycline
Pappilloma
• Common, warts!! • Bovine papilloma virus • Young growing animals (or immunosuppressed) • Head/neck/trunk/penis* • Spread by direct contact • Tx – Rubber band – Surgical removal – Time • Autogenous vaccine – Remove wart and send to HMV and they create specific vaccine for that animals strain
Photosensitisation
• White skin
• Primary: ingestion of photodynamic plant and the photodynamic agents build up in skin and react to sunlight e.g St Johns Wort
• Secondary: ingestion of photodynamic plants which liver should be able to inactivate but doesn’t due to liver disease
• Dx – history and/or liver enzymes
• Tx
– Remove from light (and toxin)
– Supportive
Sporadic bovine leukosis
• Youngish animals (< 4 years) • 3 forms – Skin – Thymic: Space Occupying Lesion effects – jugular distension, respiratory distress, bloat – Multicentric: juvenile lymphoma
Enzootic bovine leukosis
• NOTIFIABLE (REPORT ANY TUMOUR) • Cx – oncovirus • Adult animals (>2 years) • Tumours everywhere & anywhere • CS – Multiple masses – Weight loss – Milk drop, – Lymphadenopathy
Infectious bovine keratitis
• Moraxella bovis (gram -ve), mycoplasma (more common in sheep) • Summer (flies) • CS – Lacrimation – Conjunctivitis – Corneal ulceration – Blepharospasm
• Tx
– Topical AB
– Subconjuctival ABs : when doing rest arm on animal so when they move, you move: short acting oxytetracycline ( maybe 4mls?)
➢ Long acting is too irritating
Bovine Iritis (silage eye)
• Any age
• Silage feeding (listeria)
– Listeria is found in mouldy silage
• Iritis (inside the eye: nothing to do with cornea)
– No ulcer
– Corneal oedema
– Hypopyon (pus in anterior chamber)
• Tx – not topical!
– Sub conjunctival or systemic ABs (+/- NSAID)
squamous cell carcinoma of 3rd eyelid
• Associated with UV light (not common in UK but is in US/NZ) • Non-pigmented, hereford, older • Often secondary effects • ± Metastasis to LN • Tx – Local anaesthesia and excise – Enuclation
Necrotic Enteritis
- Cause: unknown
- Hx – spring born suckler calf
• CS – Haemorrhagic/mucoid D+ – Anorexia – Lethargy – Dehydration – Death
- Tx – often hopeless: supportive
- Prognosis – hopeless
• NB Other ddx calves for haemorrhagic D+ are:
– Coccidiosis
– Ecoli
– salomenella
Haemorrhagic Bowel syndrome
- Cause – unknown: Clostridium perfingens that causes Jejunitis
- Hx – high yielding dairy cow
• CS
– Melena
– Decreased ruminal contractions
– Depression
- Tx – nothing specific
- Prognosis – poor, often fatal
• Some DDxs – Ulcer – Mucosal disease – Salmonella – Coccidiosis – Bleeding calf syndrome
Vagal Indigestion
• Cx – trauma/pressure to vagus nerve
– Innervates rumen/abomasum motility
– (Traumatic pericarditis*, pleurisy may increase pressure on it from lungs)
• Hx – often vague • CS – Variable – Failure to eructate – Reduced/no ruminal contractility – Enlarged rumen on rectal – ‘Papple’ shape – Dehydration
- Dx – clinical signs
- Tx – Underlying cause, ex lap, Prokinetics, NSAID
- Prognosis – Poor
Abomasal impaction/dilation
• Cause – too much ingesta/decreased emptying
(Mechanical obstruction – sand, FB. Vagal indigestion, ileus etc)
• CS – Swelling right ventral abdomen (pear shape) (+/- rumen) – May/may not ping – Decreased faecal output – Dehydration
- Tx – Prokinetics, ex lap (fluids, k)
- Prognosis: poor
SI obstruction
• Cause
– Random (post roll LDA)
– Strangulation/intussusception
• CS – Colic (can feel SI on rectal) – No faeces – Right sided ping – Sudden death
- Tx – ex lap
- Prognosis - poor
Caecal Dilation/Torsion
• Cause – dietary disturbance (acidosis, low Ca2+ etc.)
• CS
– Right ping (Splashing heard when bloat underneath whilst auscultating [also get this with RDA])
– Rectal – distended organ or torsion (distinguishes from RDA)
– No faeces
• Tx
– Dilation: Buscofpan
– Torsion: Ex lap & fluids
• Prognosis – variable depends if torsion
Peritonitis
• Cause – Many – Post abdominal surgery – FB – Perforated ulcer
• CS – unable to move arm inside upon doing a rectal: due to adhesions
Pyrexia, gut stasis, anorexia, ‘tucked up’
• CST – Increased globulin, neutrophilia
• Tx
– Cull
– Broad spectrum ABs long time
– Flush abdomen
• Prognosis – Poor
