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Coos > Metabolic Diseases > Flashcards

Metabolic Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Hypocalcaemia Occurence

A
  • Jersey cow is of high risk
  • normally recently calved or have a large volume of milk produceiton
  • most within 12-24 hours of calving
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2
Q

Milk fever (4)

A
  • pearturient hypocalcaemia
  • acute disease
  • couple of days before- first week after calving
  • availability of calcium rather than a true defiecency
  • [Ca total]plasma falls below 2.0 mmol/l
  • [CA ++]plasma falls below 1.1mmol/l
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3
Q

Ca losses

A
  • 1kg of colostrum uses up 2.5g Ca from blood
  • dry period total Ca loss: 10-12g/day
  • lactation: up to 70g/day in milk alone
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4
Q

Milk fever risk factors

A
  • Diet: reduced prepartum feed intake/low Mg intake
  • genetics: heritability –> jerseys
  • production: high production cows
  • season: late summer and autumn
  • fat cows have reduced feed intake after calving–> low Ca –> decreased rumen motility –> eat less (degradative cycle!)
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5
Q

milk fever pathogenesis

A
  • decreased smooth muscle contractility (vascular and GI)
  • decreased cardiac contractility
  • decreased skeletal muscle contractility
  • decreased neurotransmitter function
  • decrease in apocrine gland function
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6
Q

Milk fever effects

A
  • muscular weakness
  • decrease GI motility
  • decreased thermoregulation
  • CV collapse
  • death
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7
Q

Milk fever CS (13)

A
  • apprehension
  • tremor
  • abnormal gait
  • cold ears
  • dry muzzle
  • rumen stasis
  • rumen tympany
  • hypothermia
  • dry scant faeces
  • brady/tachycardia: fluttery heart
  • recumbency
  • grunting respiration
  • hyperglycaemia (interferes with insulin release)
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8
Q

Milk fever associated conditions

  • at calving
  • after calving
A

At calving:

  • dystocia
  • still births
  • RFM
  • uterine prolapse

After calving

  • ketosis
  • fat cow syndrome
  • hepatic lipidosis
  • abomasal displacement
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9
Q

Priorities in treating hypocalcaemia

A
  • bloat then confirm Dx then Ca
  • ca then deliver dead calf
  • control haemorrhae then Ca
  • re position the Ca
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10
Q

CS not associated with milk fever

A
  • agalactia
  • pyrexia
  • diarrhoea
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11
Q

Hypocalcaemia in ewes

A
  • demand exceeds availibility

caused by:

  • transport
  • movement
  • sudden off feed
  • oxalates
  • snow
  • sudden exertion
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12
Q

Hypocalcaemia and osteodystrophy

A
  • energy and protein intake allows for high growth rates bu Ca intake is relatively inadequate
  • chronic sporadic disease occurring in groups of animals
  • cattle on cereal or grass hays with low ca and high grain diet containing high protein and low ca
  • poor mineralisation of bones with metaphyseal thickening
  • soft and pliable bones with pathological fractures
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13
Q

Hypocalcaemia and osteodystrophy

CS

A
  • poor growth rates and inappetence
  • thickening of metaphyseal regions of long bones
  • dental pitting and gum deformity
  • lameness
  • recumbancy
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14
Q

Transit tetany

  • when
  • causes
A
  • when cows/ewes in late pregnancy are moved long distances by rail or lorry
  • heavy feeding before transport (24 hours off feed during transport)
  • unlimited feed, water and exercise after loading
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15
Q

Tx of milk fever

A
  • Ca replacement (slow IV over 10-15 minutes –> need adequate restraint)
  • supplement with glucose/dextrose and Mg
  • symptomatic
  • remove calf for 12-24 hours and do not strip udder
  • correct positioning of cow will facilitate standing after treatment
  • Ca replacement can cause arrhythmias and death –> auscultate whilst administering
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16
Q

Evidence of response to tx

A
  • sweat beads on muzzle
  • steam rising from coat
  • eructation
  • tremor
  • standing
  • cardiac changes can be difficult to interpret
17
Q

Hypocalcaemia complications

A
  • aspiration pneumonia
  • downer cow sundrome
  • mastitis
  • recurrence
  • abscesses
18
Q

Hypocalcaemia Px

A
  • dietary cat anion difference (DCAD) diets
  • limited Ca prepartum
  • Vit D3 injection prepartum
  • prophylactic Ca admin
  • Mg intake 0.4% of DM
19
Q

DCAD What?? (5)

A
  • bone reorption better in slightly acidic conditions
  • acid pH favours increased Ca renal excretion
  • high K, Na favour alkalinisation
  • creates slightly acidotic condition on cattle prepartum by lowering Na ad K
  • rations fed in last 2-3 weeks gestation
20
Q

DCAD considerations

A
  • must have adequate Ca in diet (150g/day)
  • problems with maintaining DMI due to unpalatable salt
  • not suitable in heifers due to NEB
  • require infrastructure to enable prepartum deeding
  • high K pastures present problems with balance
21
Q

Mg

  • functions (7)
A
  • complex associated with bone
  • acts on neuromuscular end plate
  • neuromuscular irritibilty increases when [Mg]ecf falls
  • ACh release increases
  • ACh degradation reduces
  • activator in many enzyme systems
  • no specific humoral regulator for [Mg]plasma
22
Q

hypomagnesaemia

  • normal (4)
  • disease (3)
A
  • virtually total reliance on dietary sources for requirements
  • circulating poos =4.5g
  • [Mg]plasma = 0.7=1mmol/l
  • 12mg/kg Mg in milk

hypomagnesaemia when:

  • [Mg]plasma = <2mmol/l
  • clinical disease occurs within 24 hours of Ca fall although hypoMg has occurred for weeks/months
23
Q

hypomagnesaemia presentation (6)

A
  • adult dairy cow recently calved
  • milk fed calf
  • adult store beef
  • sheep mostly after lambing on improved pasture

all induced by some sort of trigger factor: reduced DMI, transport, bad weather, other diseases

  • may and october peak due to differences in feed
24
Q

hypomagnesaemia risk factors

A
  • tamporary decerase in DMI: snow/storms/starvation
  • low [Mg]pasture in diet: rye grass (high in buttercups and clover rather than fast growing grass)
  • fertilizers leading to reduced Mg in grass: hgih K
  • high moisture content pastures:
25
Q

Mg absorption

A

best when Na:K =5
failure when Na:L <3

(it moves with Na)

26
Q

hypomagnesaemia CS

  • peractue (4)
  • acute/subacute (16)
  • chronic/subclinical (6)
A

peracute:

  • true sudden death
  • found dead
  • ground torn up
  • damage to body: especially eyes and head

acute/subacute:

  • suddenly stop grazing
  • increased discomfort
  • twitching/hyperaesthesia
  • galloping, bellowing
  • staggering
  • rcumbancy
  • tetanic spasm
  • convulsions
  • increased alterness
  • nystagmus
  • jaw chomping
  • retracted eyelids
  • ears pricked
  • tachypnoea
  • tachycardia
  • pyrexia

chronic/sunclinical:

  • prodromal
  • poor appetite
  • hyperaesthesia
  • muscle tremors
  • spontaneous resolution
  • progression to clinical
27
Q

hypomagnesaemia in calves (4)

A
  • 3-6 months
  • when bucket fed
  • single sucked
  • milk is poor source of Mg
28
Q

hypomagnesaemia Dx

A
  • epidemiology
  • PM:
  • -> lack of vindings
  • -> [Mg]virteous within 48 hours [Mg]csf within 12 hours [Mg]plasma <2mmol/l
29
Q

hypomagnesaemia Tx

A
  • MgSO4, 400ml 25% s/c –> multiple sites
  • Ca borogluconate 400ml, 40% I/V, slowly and warmed
  • if not up in 2 hours = poor prognosis
  • sucler: keep calf close by to reduce stress
30
Q

hypomagnesaemia Px

A
  • Mg salts in feed
  • Mg bullers
  • MgCl in water
  • pasture and herd management

Coos (10 decks)

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