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MS/Rheum > Spondyloarthritis > Flashcards

Spondyloarthritis Flashcards

1
Q

SPONDYLOARTHROPATHIES: Common Features

A
  1. RF (-)
  2. HLA-B27 (MHC class I)
  3. Axial skeletal involvement
  4. Large-joint asymm oligoarthritis (pred in LE)
  5. Significant familial aggregation
  6. Enthesitis
  7. Dactylitis
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2
Q

What is enthesitis?

A

inflammation at the sites where tendons and ligaments attach to bone

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3
Q

What is Dactylitis?

A

swelling of toes/fingers (duh); “sausage-like”

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4
Q

> 90% of patients with AS are (+) for ____, even though it is only ~8% prevalent in the population.

A

HLA B27

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5
Q

Patients with psoriasis or IBD that are HLA-B27 positive are more likely to develop

A

axial (spinal) arthropathy

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6
Q

In ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS (AS), where does inflammation occur?

A
  • -spinal joints (causes bony fusion of spine)

- -peripheral joints

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7
Q

AS: epidemiology

A

Adolescents to age 35

M>F

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8
Q

AS: Pathology

A
  • -Inflammatory cell infiltrate
  • -Synovial inflammation similar to RA
  • -TNF alpha excess
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9
Q

AS: Clinical features of axial disease

A
  • -Insidious onset
  • -Chronic low back pain
  • -Back stiffness
  • -Symptoms are worse in the morning and improve with exercise
  • -Symptoms gradually ascend up the spine (as disease progresses)

sacroiliitis and spondylitis = WASP (workout, AM/Ascend, stiff, pain)

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10
Q

AS: Peripheral disease joint manifestations

A
  • -Involves: hips, shoulders, knees and ankles
  • -Oligoarticular + often asymm
  • -Dactylitis may occur
  • -Enthesitis (*esp Achilles or plantar tendon insertions = heel pain)
  • *note: these are present in 1/3 of patients
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11
Q

AS: exam findings

A
  • -Sacroiliac tenderness
  • -Limited spine ROM in all directions
  • -Loss of lumbar lordosis, thoracic and cervical kyphosis (=flexion contracture)
  • -Abn Schober’s test (<3cm)
  • -Reduced chest expansion, measured @ 4th intercostal space
  • -Increased occiput to wall distance
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12
Q

AS: X-ray findings

A
  • -Sacroiliitis (usually bilateral)
  • -“Squaring” of vertebral bodies
  • -Syndesmophyte formation
  • -Generalized spinal osteopenia
  • -Eventual bony ankylosis
  • -Common = Vertebral fractures (occur even after minimal trauma, due to rigidity + osteopenia)
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13
Q

AS: Non-articular peripheral manifestations

A
  • -Eyes: Anterior Uveitis
  • -Cardiac: Aortic regurgitation, heart block
  • -Pulmonary: Apical lung fibrosis, thoracic cage restriction
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14
Q

AS: Trx of axial + peripheral disease

A

NSAIDs, TNF blockers, local corticosteroids

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15
Q

AS: Indicated only for trx of peripheral disease

A

sulfasalazine

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16
Q

Confers increased disease susceptibility and disease severity

A

HLA-B27

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17
Q

In Crohn’s disease, what can result in relative immune deficiency?

A

Genetic polymorphisms

related to GI lymphoid tissue and microbiota interaction, which balances inflammatory defense and tolerance

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18
Q

______ is common in adults, 25% of whom have joint manifestations

A

Celiac disease

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19
Q

Microscopic colitis is accompanied by:

A

extraenteric autoimmune manifestations

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20
Q

Intolerance to GI microbiome results in…

A

inability to maintain gut homeostasis = IBD

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21
Q

What causes the joint symptoms related to IBD?

A

circulating microbial material and increases in IgA/lymphocytes/macrophages result in circulating immune complexes, which deposit in joint + cause synovitis

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22
Q

ENTEROPATHIC ARTHRITIS = Inflammatory arthritis associated with…

A

Crohn’s disease
Ulcerative colitis
Whipple’s disease (rare)

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23
Q

ENTEROPATHIC ARTHRITIS: epidemiology

A

M=F

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24
Q

In ENTEROPATHIC ARTHRITIS, Axial disease is associated with

A

HLA B27

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25
Q

When does ENTEROPATHIC ARTHRITIS often occur in patients?

A

following onset of their GI disease (*usually)

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26
Q

ENTEROPATHIC ARTHRITIS: peripheral manifestations

A
  • -Oligoarticular
  • -Generally asymmetric
  • -LE joints
  • -Dactylitis
  • -Enthesitis
  • -GI inflammation often parallels arthritis
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27
Q

ENTEROPATHIC ARTHRITIS: axial manifestations

A
  • -Clinically/radiographically identical to idiopathic AS

- -Does not parallel GI disease

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28
Q

Trx for enteropathic arthritis which shows efficacy in UC but not CD?

A

Sulfasalazine (and its derivative, 5-ASA)

**inhibit NFk B

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29
Q

Trx for enteropathic arthritis that are generally effective for all forms?

A

GC

NSAIDs (symptomatic trx)

30
Q

Trx for enteropathic arthritis, effective in both forms of IBD?

A

Azathioprine and methotrexate

31
Q

Trx for enteropathic arthritis, effective in CD?

A

Infliximab and adalimumab

32
Q

Trx for enteropathic arthritis, effective in UC?

A

Infliximab

33
Q

Reactive arthritis is an inflammatory process arising after:

What is the classic triad?

A

arising after an infectious process

Arthritis
Urethritis
Conjunctivitis

34
Q

What are the clinical features of reactive arthritis?

A
  1. asymm oligoarthritis (predom LE)
  2. enthesitis (achilles, plantar, symphesis p, ribs)
  3. uretritis
  4. proven infection
  5. dactylitis
  6. axial disease (sacroiliitis and spondylitis)
  7. oral ulcerations
  8. conjuctivitis
  9. Circinate balanitis
  10. skin + nails (onycholysis)
35
Q

reactive arthritis: epidemiology?

A

M>F (5:1)
75% HLA B27 (+)
More common in HIV/AIDS (and more severe + resistant to therapy)

36
Q

most common species to induce ReA?

A

Salmonella typhimurium

37
Q

Reactive Arthritis: GI infections

A

Shigella
Salmonella
Campylobacter
Yersinia

38
Q

Pathogen which causes reactive arthritis 10 to 30 days after diarrhea?

A

Shigella

39
Q

Pathogen which causes reactive arthritis within 3 to 4 weeks?

A

Salmonella

40
Q

Reactive Arthritis: GU infections

A

Chlamydia (Chlamydia trachomatis)

Ureaplasma

41
Q

Why is it important to follow up with a patient w/ Reactive Arthritis (Reiter’s)?

A

Recurrences are common, and 20-50% of patients demonstrate a chronic course

42
Q

Psoriatic arthritis should be suspected in a patient with:

A 
asymm joint distribution pattern 
dactylitis
enthesitis
inflammatory-type back pain
RF (-)
43
Q

PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS: markers of poor outcome

A

Polyarticular disease

elevated ESR

44
Q

How do you distinguish PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS from RA?

A

increase in vascularity

presence of neutrophils

45
Q

PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS: What demonstrates clinical response to trx?

A

Change in synovial CD3+ T cell infiltration

46
Q

PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS may originate (where)?

A

enthesis

47
Q

PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS: effective trx for skin and joint disease

A

TNF inhibitors

48
Q

PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS: what cells may be responsible for disease?

A

CD8 and MHC-1

or TLR activation

49
Q

PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS develops in 10-40% of pts with _____

A

psoriasis

50
Q

Pathogenesis of Psoriasis?

A

inflammation of the skin and keratinocyte proliferation

51
Q

Pathogenesis of PSORIATIC ARTHRITIS?

A

Synovial inflammation with mononuclear cell infiltration, new vessel formation and synovial proliferation

*TNF alpha

52
Q

Immunopathology of PA?

A
  1. Elevated plasma levels of Ig
  2. T cells express:
    - -HLA-DR
    - -receptors for IL2 and adhesion molecules
  3. Secretion of IL-6 and other proinflammatory cytokines from T cells
  4. Fibroblasts from skin + synovium prolif/secrete IL-1 beta, IL-6, and PDGF
53
Q

Synovial cytokine profile in PA?

A

TNF-alpha
IL-1
IL-6
IL-8

54
Q

Serum cytokines upregulated in PA?

A 
IL-10
IL-13
IFN-alpha
VEGF
Fibroblast Growth Factor
55
Q

Compared to RA, PA synovium produces more:

A

TNF-alpha, IL1-beta, IL2, IL10, INF-gamma

56
Q

Compared to RA, PA synovium produces less:

A

IL4

57
Q

Cytokine produced by PA but not RA:

A

IL5

58
Q

How is PA synovium structurally different than RA?

A

PSA synovium has less lining layer thickness and more vascularity

(why didn’t he just put “thinner lining layer”…am I missing something?)

59
Q

What is the function of IL18, an upregulated cytokine in PA?

A
  1. Stimulates angiogenesis
  2. Upregulates chemokine expression on synovial fibroblasts
  3. Increases mononuclear cell recruitment
60
Q

PA patterns (5)?

A
  1. Polyarticular pattern (>4 joints, RA-like)
  2. Oligoarticular pattern (<4 joints, asymm)
  3. DIP involvement pattern
  4. Arthritis Mutilans (severe, destructive)
  5. Axial involvement (sacroiliitis + spondylitis, B27+)
61
Q

Nail abn in PA?

A

Pitting
Hyperkeratosis
Onycholysis

62
Q

Where are skin lesions in PA, and when do they appear?

A

Scalp, perineum, natal cleft, umbilicus

Usually present long before arthritis

63
Q

If very severe PA, think…

A

HIV

64
Q

PA: XR?

A 
DIP involvement
“Pencil – in - a – cup”
Periostitis
Bony ankylosis
Erosive & proliferative
Axial disease resembles AS

*is this even important?

65
Q

PA responds well to what drug?

A

Infliximab

66
Q

What joints does Brucella arthritis affect?

A

spine = adults

peripheral joints = children
(especially knees, hips and ankles)

*sacroilitis can be extremely acute and painful!

67
Q

Possible complication of Brucella arthritis?

A

spinal stenosis

destructive arthritis, if trx delayed

68
Q

What types of bursitis are caused by Brucella arthritis?

A

prepatellar and olecranon

69
Q

Caused by an immune reaction by T lymphocytes in the gut of genetically HLA-DQ2-positive or HLA-DQ8-positive individuals

A

celiac disease

**react to partially digested wheat gluten

70
Q

What serum antibodies are present in celiac disease?

A

IgA antitissue transglutaninase

IgA antiedomysial antibodies

71
Q

What conditions, presenting with profuse diarrhea, are associated with a variety of rheumatic diseases?

A 
Microscopic colitis (MC) 
(2 forms = collagenous colitis and lymphocytic colitis)
72
Q

What cell is activated in PA, which causes bone destruction?

A

osteoclast

MS/Rheum (23 decks)

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