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ARRT > Spleen > Flashcards

Spleen Flashcards

1
Q

the _____ is the largest single mass of lymphoid tissue in the body

A

spleen; part of the reticuloendothelial system and synthesizes blood proteins

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2
Q

the spleen is an ______ organ covered with peritoneum over its entire extent

A

intraperitoneal

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3
Q

the ligament that attaches the spleen to the stomach and the kidney is called the _____

A

splenorenal ligament

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4
Q

the _____ ligament is significant in that it is composed of the two layers of the dorsal mesentery that separate the lesser sac posteriorly from the greater sac anteriorly

A

gasrosplenic

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5
Q

normal measurement of the spleen should be ______ in length, and ______ in width, and ______ in thickness

A

8-13cm; 7cm; 3-4cm; decreases slightly with age

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6
Q

the spleen arteries are subject to ______ because of adequate anastomoses between the vessels are lacking

A

infarction

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7
Q

the lymph vessels emerge from the splenic hilum, pass through other lymph nodes along the course of the splenic artery, and drain into the _____ nodes

A

celiac

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8
Q

the spleen is held in place by what ligaments?

A

lienorenal, gastrosplenic, and phreocolic

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9
Q

the term ______ describes a spleen that has migrated from its normal location in the LUQ

A

wandering spleen; results when the dorsal mesentery fails to fuse with the posterior peritoneum without supporting ligaments of the spleen

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10
Q

_____ syndromes are associated complex cardiac malformations, bronchopulmonary abnormalities, or visceral heterotaxis (anomalous placement of organs or major blood vessels, including a horizontal liver, malrotation of the gut, and interruption of the IVC with azygos continuation)

A

asplenic or polysplenic

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11
Q

the normal arrangement of asymmetrical body parts is called _____

A

situs solitus; the mirror image conditions is called situs inversus; the term situs ambiguous is used when the anatomy falls in between theses two conditions

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12
Q

patients with _____ of the spleen have major problems with serious infection, as their immune response is absent

A

agenesis

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13
Q

an _____ spleen, or splenunculus, is a more common congenital anomaly, it appears as a homogeneous pattern similar to that of the spleen; usually found in the hilum or inferior border

A

accessory; results from a failure of fusion of separate splenic masses forming on the dorsal mesogastrium

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14
Q

within the lobules of the spleen are tissues called _____

A

pulp; red pulp and white pulp

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15
Q

_____ pulp is distributed throughout the spleen in tiny islands; this tissue consists of splenic nodules, which are similar to those found in lymph nodes and contain large number of lymphocytes

A

white; consists of the malpighian corpuscles, small nodular masses of lymphoid tissue attached to the smaller arterial branches

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16
Q

_____ pulp fills the remaining spaces of the lobules and surrounds the venous sinuses; contain relatively large numbers of red blood cells, which are responsible for its color, along with many lymphocytes and macrophages

A

red; consists of splenic sinuses alternating with splenic cords

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17
Q

_____ of erythrocytes and the breakdown of hemoglobin occur throughout the entire reticuloendothelial system, but roughly half the catabolic activity is localized in the normal spleen

A

phagocytosis

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18
Q

in anomalies such as the hemolytic anemias, the splenic phagocytes become engorged with _____ when erythrocyte destruction is accelerated

A

hemosiderin

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19
Q

_____ is the process of removing the nuclei from the red blood cells

A

pitting

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20
Q

_____ is the process by which the spleen removes abnormal red blood cells

A

culling; the spleen also pools platelets in large numbers

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21
Q

sequestration of leukocytes in the enlarged spleen may produce _____

A

leukopenia

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22
Q

_____ indicates the percentage of RBC’s per volume of blood; abnormally low indicate hemorrhage or internal bleeding within the body

A

hematocrit

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23
Q

the test for ______ indicates the presences of bacteria within the body; the term sepsis indicates bacteria in the bloodstream

A

bacteremia

24
Q

an increase in the number of white cells (_____) present in the blood is usually a typical finding in infection

A

leukocytosis

25
Q

abnormal decrease in white blood corpuscles (_____) may be secondary to certain medications or bone marrow disorder

A

leukopenia

26
Q

_____ is an abnormal disease in platelets, which may be due to internal hemorrhage

A

thrombocytopenia

27
Q

_____ hypoechogenic structures in the area of the splenic hilum may indicate portal hypertension with collateral vessels or enlarged lymph nodes

A

increased

28
Q

advanced atrophy is sometimes referred to as _____

A

autosplenectomy

29
Q

in acute _____, active hyperemia accompanies the reaction in the moderately enlarged spleen ; in chronic, diffuse enlargement of the spleen occurs

A

splenic congestion; most common cause is cirrhosis

30
Q

in systemic diseases leading to _____, the spleen is the most frequent involved organ

A

amyloidosis; nodular or diffuse; in nodular amyloid is found in the walls of the sheathed arteries and within the follicles, but not in red pulp; in diffuse the follicles are not involved, the red pulp is prominently involved, and the spleen is usually enlarged

31
Q

with _____ there is bone pain and changes in the skin pigmentation; splenomegaly, diffuse inhomogeneity, and multiple splenic nodules

A

Gaucher’s disease

32
Q

_____ disease is a rapidly progressing fatal disease that predominantly affects female infants; hepatomegaly, digestive disturbance, and lymphadenopathy

A

niemann-pick

33
Q

_____ abnormalities include sickle cell, hereditary spherocytosis, hemolytic anemia, chronic anemia, polycythemia vera, thalassemia, and myeloproliferative disorders

A

erythropoietic; produce an isoechoic pattern

34
Q

in the early stages _____ the spleen is enlarged with marked congestion of the red pulp; later it undergoes progressive infarction and fibrosis and decreases in size

A

sickle cell anemia; may develop subacute hemorrhage that appears as a hyopechoic area in the periphery of the spleen

35
Q

in congenital or hereditary _____, an intrinsic abnormality of the red cells give rise to erythrocytes that are small and spheroid rather than normal, flattened, biconcave disks

A

spherocytosis; the spleen destroys sphercytes selectively; the results are bone marrow of spherocytosis and increased destruction of these cells

36
Q

_____ is the general term applied to anemia linked to decreased life of the erythrocytes; when the rate of destruction is greater than the bone marrow can compensate for

A

hemolytic anemia

37
Q

_____ hemolytic anemia can occur in its primary form without underlying disease, or it may be seen as a secondary disorder in patients already suffering from some disorder of this system

A

autoimmune

38
Q

______ is an excess of red blood cells; increase in red blood cell mass and hemoglobin concentration; vertigo, redness and pain in extremities, and blue-and-black spots

A

polycythemia; polycythemia vera is a chronic disease of unknown cause that involves all the bone marrow elements

39
Q

______ hemoglobinopathy differs from the others in that an abnormal molecular form of hemoglobin is not present; instead suppression of synthesis of beta or alpha polypeptide chains occurs resulting in deficient synthesis of normal hemoglobin

A

thalassemia; vary large spleen

40
Q

______ abnormalities include reactive hyperplasia resulting from acute or chronic infection

A

granulocytopoietic; splenomegaly with a diffusely hypoechoic pattern; histoplasmosis and tuberculosis are the most common causes

41
Q

______ is a disease characterized by reticuloendothelial hyperactivity and varying degrees of lipid storage in phagocytes are included; spleen appears isoechoic

A

reticuloendotheliosis

42
Q

in _____ disease, sometimes called nonlipid reticuloendotheliosis, proliferation or reticuloendothelial cells occurs in all tissues, but particularly in the splenic lymph nodes and bone marrow

A

letterer- siwe; found in children younger than 2 years; hepatosplenomegaly, fever, and pulmonary involvement

43
Q

______ disease is benign and chronic, in spite of many feature similar to those of Letterer-siwe disease, it usually affects children older than 2

A

Hand-Schuller-Christian; chronic course, diabetes, and moderate hepatosplenomegaly

44
Q

in majority of patients with splenic _____ the infection is spread from distant foci in the abdomen, or inflammatory process extends directly from adjacent organs

A

abscess; splenomegaly; irregular, ill defined borders; may have internal septa

45
Q

splenic ______ if acute shows wedge-shaped hypoechoic area; chronic shows wedge-shaped echogenic area (base points to periphery); look for splenic atrophy

A

infarction; related to primary diagnosis; commonly a result from emboli that arises in the heart

46
Q

patients with mycobacterial _____ show tiny, diffuse echogenic foci throughout the spleen

A

infection

47
Q

in patients with AIDS the most common finding is _____

A

splenomegaly; also could have focal lesions

48
Q

blunt trauma has 2 outcomes; if the capsule is intact, the outcome may be interparenchymal or subcapsular _____, if the capsule ruptures, a focal or free intraperitoneal hematoma may form

A

hematoma

49
Q

most splenic _____ are considered secondary caused by trauma, infection, or infarction

A

cysts; echinococcus is the only parasitic splenic cyst; look for tissue compression

50
Q

hematoma may be solitary or multiple and is considered well-defined but not encapsulated; consists of _____ tissue or a combination of sinuses and structures equivalent to pulp cords of normal splenic tissue

A

lymphoid; has both solid and cystic components; hyperechoic

51
Q

_____ is usually an isolated inhomogeneous echogenic mass with multiple small hypoechoic areas; complications occur when the tumor increases in size to cause a splenic rupture

A

cavernous hemangioma; infarction with coagulated blood or fibrin in the cavities may be seen

52
Q

_____ is a benign malformation of the lymphatics, consisting of endothelium-lined cystic space

A

cystic lymphangioma; multicystic appearance

53
Q

_____ is a rare malignant neoplasm arising from the vascular endothelium of the spleen; mixed cystic patters resemble that of a cavernous hemangioma

A

hemangiosarcoma

54
Q

the spleen is commonly involved in _____; four patterns 1) diffuse involvement 2) focal small nodular lesions 3) focal large nodular lesions, and 4) bulky disease

A

lymphoma

55
Q

metastases are the result of a _____ spread from another primary site; may originate in the breast, lung, ovary, stomach, colon, kidney, or prostate or from melanoma

A

hematogenous

ARRT (9 decks)

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