Patient Care part 2 Flashcards
when assisting patients to and from a wheelchair always keep center of gravity at the _____ center
patients
_____ can be defined as the invasion and subsequent multiplication of microorganisms within the body, resulting in localized cellular injury
infection
a cycle of infection is created when a _____ (source) finds an environment in which it can grow (reservoir)
pathogen
the only way to halt infection is to _____ the chain of infection
halt
the use of _____ such as gloves, gowns, and masks, is a device to provide protection for sonographers
barrier devices
_____ are infections acquired during a stay in the hospital
nosocomial infections
hospital-acquired infections (HAI) usually are identified _____ hours after admission
48 to 72
what are the most frequent types of hospital infections?
urinary tract, surgical wound, pneumonia, and blood stream infections
_____ apply to blood, all body fluids, secretions, excretions, nonintact skin, and mucous membrane
standard precautions
hands are washed if contaminated with blood or body fluids, immediately after gloves are removed, between patient contact, and when indicated to prevent transfer of _____ between patients or between their environment
microorganisms
_____ are worn if soiling of clothes is likely from blood or body fluid, preform hand hygiene afterward
gowns
_____ linen is placed in leak proof to prevent skin and mucous membrane exposure
contaminated
CDC recommends that needles be disposed of _____ or a mechanical device be used for recapping
uncapped
nosocomial infections also contribute to the emergence and dissemination of organisms resistant to _____ drugs
antimicrobial
_____ issued a blood borne pathogens standard in 1991 to potentially infectious blood
OSHA
_____ is asked in test for TB
purified protein derivative (PDD) (reported annually)
_____ is a nosocomial infection usually develops in hospitalized patients who are elderly or extremely sick or who have an open wound such as bedsore, urinary catheters or IV’s
Methicillin- resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)
_____ nosocomial infection can resemble pimples, boils, or other skin conditions, if these staphylococcus bacteria enter the blood stream, the result can be fatal
vancomycin-resistant staphylococcus (VRSA) and vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (VRE)
examples of airborne illnesses include?
measles and varicella
examples of tuberculosis droplet illnesses include?
influenza, pneumonia, and meningitis
what serious viral infections spread by droplet transmission?
adenovirus, flu, mumps, parvo B19, rubella
reports to _____ of needle stick injuries are required and the health care agency must provide medical evaluation and follow up
OSHA
_____ vaccination is to be made available to all employees who have occupational exposure
hepatitis B
medical asepsis can be practiced in 2 ways:
1) general medical asepsis- prevent the spread of all germs 2) isolation precautions- confine disease producing germs
with isolation patients, use a paper towel to turn faucets on or off, discard gloves and gowns and masks used _____ leaving the area, change mask if it becomes moist, use _____ transducer covers and scanning agents
before; sterile
put on the mask _____ the gown
before
_____ isolation is designed to protect others from patients germs, before entering the room you must leave gowns, gloves, and masks on
strict
_____ isolation is used to protect others from germs in patients nose, mouth, throat, and lungs, used for droplet disease must wear mask
respiratory
____ precautions are used to prevent infections transmitted by direct or indirect contact with feces
enteric- dont use alcohol gel for hand washing, must wash with soap and water for C defficile
_____ isolation precautions are used to protect patients with neutropenia, on anti-cancer chemo, steriod-therapy, and/or severely immuno compromised patients, use gown, mask and gloves
reverse
an obstructed airway can cause anoxia, which can lead to brain damage and death within _____ minutes
4 to 6
for infants younger than _____ years old the procedure is limited to rescue back blows and chest thrusts
1
do not do the heimlich maneuver on a unconscious patient instead use _____
CPR and rescue breathing
_____ emphasizes chest compressions and eliminates the need for mouth to mouth breathing (delivered at a rate of 100/min)
continuous chest compression CPR (CCC-CPR)
standard CPR techniques call for preforming _____ chest compressions followed by _____ mouth-to-mouth breaths
15; 2- first always call for help (CAB- compression, airway, breathing )
what are the complications of CPR?
gastric distention, fractured ribs, lacerated liver, and punctured lungs
when a persons heart stops beating oxygen supply stops so you only have _____ minutes to give CCC-CPR
4- this method only keeps the person alive until more advanced measures are administered
with CCC-CPR push down with enough pressure to depress the sternum about _____ inches, with the heel of your palm
1 1/2 to 2 inches; infants only 1 1/2 inches
_____ still is recommended for children and anyone whose cardiac arrest likely is due to oxygen deprivation
rescue breathing
in case of _____ breathing stops, but the heart still pumps blood for several minutes
respiratory arrest- the problem is lack of oxygen (suffocation)
with respiratory CPR give _____ 1-sec breaths as you watch for the chest to rise, continue compressions and breaths _____ compressions, _____ breaths until help arrives
2; 30 compressions; 2 breaths
do not preform CPR unless what conditions?
breathing stops, no signs of circulation (breathing), no one with more CPR training is around
the most common cause of sudden cardiac arrest is _____ a disturbance in the heart rhythm
ventricular fibrillation (VF)- cuts off crucial blood supply
with _____ it 1) assesses the patients heart rhythm 2) judges whether defibrillation is necessary and 3)administers the shock
automated external defibrillators (AED)
a _____ is a tendency to interpret words or actions according to some culturally derived meaning assigned to it
cultural bias
_____ plane of scanning is a right angle to sagittal (vertical plane), divides the body into anterior and posterior portions
coronal
_____ codes are a system of numbers developed by the american medical association for standardizing tasks and services that a medical practitioner provides to a patient
current procedural terminology (CPT)
what are the basic needs of human servivial?
physical needs, safety and security, love and belonging, self-estee,m and self actualization
_____ communications consists of eye contact, facial expressions, body language, gestures, posture, tone of voice, and touch
nonverbal
anything that interferes with the communication process constitutes a _____
barrier
use a _____ tone of voice with people who are hearing impaired
lower
with mental patients speak in their _____ age
mental
the _____ involves 3 people who agree to work together to promote understanding through communication
communication triad- effective to review information endure understanding, and explain a decision
what are the stages of grief?
1)denial and isolation 2)anger 3)bargaining 4)depression 5)acceptance
_____ refers to an instruction method in which students at various performance levels work together in small groups toward a common goal
collaborative learning
the _____ regulates ultrasound instruments according to application, output intensities, and thermal and mechanical indexes
FDA
the _____ recommends prudent use of US in the clinical environment by minimizing exposure time and output power
AIUM
no confirmed signifiant biological effects in tissue for exposures below _____ with an unfocused transducer (higher risk) and _____ with a focused transducer
100 mW/cm2; 1 W/cm2
exposure duration up to _____ hours has no demonstrated significant bioeffects
50
_____ results of pressure changes in soft tissue causing formation of gas bubbles
cavitation
cavitations highest rate is in tissues with _____?
collagen
_____ cavitation involves microbubbles expanded and collapse, can absorb large amounts of energy
stable
_____ cavitation depends on the pressure of the US pulse, bubbles expand and collapse violently
transient
pulses with peaks greater than _____ can induce cavitation
3300 W/cm2 (10MPa)
_____ indicates cavitation, its equal to the peak rarefaction pressure divided by the square root of the operating frequency
mechanical index- dependent on thresholds
values _____ indicates a low risk of adverse effects or cavitations (in MI)
less than 1
_____ is a ratio of acoustic power produced by the transducer and the power required to raise tissue temp 1 degrees C
thermal index (SPTA) continuous wave is higher
value _____ indicates a low risk of adverse effects (in TI)
less than 2
arise in temperature exceeding _____ is significant in TI
2 degess C
above _____ biological effects are determined by the temp and exposure
41 degrees C
TI for cranium exposure must not exceed _____ continuous minutes to avoid thermal damage to the brain surface
33 (transcranial Doppler (TCD) demonstrates rapid rise in temp)
TI for bone- increases with _____; absorption is higher than soft tissue
focal diameter
TI for Soft tissue - increases with and increase in _____
frequency
