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Neuroanatomy > spinocerebellum > Flashcards

spinocerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the major role of the spinocerebellum?

A

being a comparator

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2
Q

Comparator: The spinocerebellum first receives information about what movement?

A

intended movement (often called an efference copy)- copy of the outgoing command to move

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3
Q

what can we think of the efference copy as?

A

feed forward signal via the cerebro-olivary and olivocerebellar inputs.

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4
Q

What feedback signals does the spinocerebellum receive?

A

input from the patterns of peripheral proprioceptor discharge

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5
Q

How does the cerebellum constantly update movement?

A

by comparing the efferent copy command with the feedback of what has happened

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6
Q

What are the functions of the vermis?

A
  • movement coordination of axial and proximal limb musculature
  • regulating postural muscle tone
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7
Q

What inputs are there to the vermis?

A

-proprioception
-vision
-vestibular
sensory systems

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8
Q

Damage to the spinal proprioceptive pathways results in what?

A

sensory ataxia

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9
Q

what are symptoms of sensory ataxia?

A
  • ataxic symptoms without visual support (near normal coordination when visually observed by pt)
  • increase in postural sway
  • difficulty in standing with narrow base of support particularly with eyes closed (Romberg sign)
  • uncoordinated gait
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10
Q

How is the cerebellum somatotopically mapped?

A

separate maps on anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum
the two homunculi are inverted images of one another

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11
Q

cerebellum homunculi. neck and trunk are where? extremeties are where?

A

neck and trunk are distributed along the vermis while extremities are aligned along the paravermal cerebellar cortex

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12
Q

What are the 5 afferent tracts that provide proprioceptive information into the spinocerebellum?

A
  • dorsal spinocerebellar tract
  • cuneocerebellar tract
  • ventral spinocerebellar tract
  • rostral spinocerebellar tract
  • trigeminocerebellar projections
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13
Q

Where does the dorsal spinocerebellar tract (DSCT) arise from?

A

cells of nucleus dorsalis (clark’s) in spinal segments T1 to L2 or 3

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14
Q

afferents from DSCT are primarily from what type of receptor?

A

muscle and joint receptors (maybe some cutaneuous)

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15
Q

DSCT axons rise in which way in what structure to enter the cerebellum in what structure?

A

rise ipsilaterally in the dorsal lateral funiculus to enter the inferior cerebellar peduncle

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16
Q

DSCT axons end where?

A

in areas representing LE and trunk in anterior and posterior lobes

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17
Q

ventral spinocerebellar tract (VSCT) arises from where?

A

nuclei scattered in the base of the dorsal horn

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18
Q

how do VSCT axons rise? in what structure?

A

decussate to rise in peripheral lateral funiculus just ventral to the CL DSCT

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19
Q

When the VSCT axons ascend through the medulla and pons what happens?

A

to decussate again and enter the cerebellum through the superior cerebellar peduncle

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20
Q

where do VSCT axons end?

A

in the trunk and LE representation of anterior lobe and paramedian lobule

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21
Q

What activity do both VSCT and DSCT have in common?

A

they both have phasic activity during gait stepping cycle but sectioning dorsal roots affects only the DSCT

22
Q

Even with dorsal roots being cut, which tract still continues the phasic gait cycle?

A

VSCT because these cells at the base of the dorsal horn are driven by descending motor commands (efferent copy)

23
Q

With dorsal roots cut, which tract loses phasic gait cycle pattern?

A

DSCT because the neurons of the clarkes column are driven by proprioceptive afferents- unconscious proprioception

24
Q

What primary afferents in the cuneocerebellar tract (CCT) composed of?

A

primary afferents from the upper extremity proprioceptors

25
Q

in what structure do the primary afferents of the CCT ascend?

A

fasciculus cuneatus

26
Q

where do primary afferents of CCT end?

A

in accessory (lateral) cuneate nucleus (ACN)

27
Q

where is the accessory cuneate nucleus located?

A

caudal medulla

28
Q

CCT axons from the ACN enter the cerebellum through what structure?

A

the inferior cerebellar peduncle

29
Q

What does the CCT axons innervate?

A

areas representing UE of both anterior and posterior lobe paravermal areas.

30
Q

CCT also probably represents afferents from what body part as well?

A

cervical spine

31
Q

CCT relaying in the ACN only carry information from what structures?

A

muscle spindles
GTOs
joint receptors

32
Q

Where does cutaneous input enter the cerebellum?

A

from neurons in the MAIN cuneate nucleus (providing proprioceptive input from the hands and fingers)

33
Q

How do axons of the rostral spinocerebellar tract (RSCT) arise? from?

A
  • from cells scattered in the base of the dorsal horn through cervical segments
  • ipsilaterally to enter through the inferior cerebellar peduncle
34
Q

there is evidence that says that the RSCT also can arise in what way?

A

contralaterally to enter the cerebellum through the superior cerebellar peduncles (running with the VSCT)

35
Q

where do RSCT axons end?

A

both LE and UE representations of ipsilateral anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum

36
Q

Where does the trigeminocerebellar tract (TCT)arise from?

A

cells in the mesencephalic, chief sensory, and spinal tract nuclei of CN V

37
Q

Where do TCT fibers enter through?

A

some through superior and others through inferior cerebellar peduncle

38
Q

how do TCT axons end?

A

ipsilaterally in the posterior lobe area where face representation is seen

39
Q

What are two other inputs into the spinocerebellum?

A

visual and auditory

40
Q

where do visual and auditory inputs end?

A

in the same region as face representation in the posterior lobe

41
Q

what do visual inputs into the cerebellum provide?

A

sense of vertically and horizontally from the visual space for maintenance of upright stance

42
Q

What are some things that the cerebellum does in the role of cognitive function related to hearing?

A
  • speech generation
  • auditory processing
  • auditory memory
  • abstract reasoning & solution of problems
  • sensorial discrimination and information processing
  • language processing and linguistic operations
43
Q

What do fastigial nucleus outputs include?

A

vermal outputs to vestibular and reticular nuclei

44
Q

fastigial nucleus outputs project in which way to control what?

A

bilaterally to control axial muscles

45
Q

where else do vermal outputs project?

A

to ventral lateral nucleus of the thalamus

46
Q

Fastigial outputs from spinocerebellum function in control of what?

A

proximal musculature during movement as in providing proximal stability for distal mobility

47
Q

globose and emboliform nuclei axons exit then what?

A

decussate in the superior cerebellar peduncle as cerebellorubral fibers

48
Q

where do cerebellorubral fibers terminate?

A

in the magnocellular part of the red nucleus (these outputs appear to activate the rubrospinal pathways)

49
Q

Cerebellothalamic fibers come from which axons?

A

globose and emboliform nuclei axons

50
Q

where do cerebellothalamic fibers end?

A

in the VL nucleus of the thalamus (which then goes to the motor cortex)

51
Q

Which nuclei is it suggested that are involved in fine motor control of the UE?

A

globose and emboliform pathways to both the red nucleus and the thalamus to motor cortex

52
Q

Damage to globose and emboliform produces what/

A

3-5 Hz intention tremor during reaching tasks (but no similar effect of damage on gait or standing balance)

Neuroanatomy (14 decks)

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