movement cortex

Question 1

What is motor control?

Answer 1

the ability to regulate or direct the mechanisms essential to movement

Question 2

What is motor planning?

Answer 2

preliminary organization prior to movement

Question 3

What is motor programming?

Answer 3

specifications that allow movement to progress

Question 4

What are the motor areas in the frontal lobe?

Answer 4

Primary Motor- precentral gyrus
Supplementary Motor- most superior and medial aspects of the superior frontal gyrus
Lateral Premotor- rostral to primary motor cortex

Question 5

What are the motor areas in the parietal lobe?

Answer 5

posterior parietal area

Question 6

What are limbic areas associated with motor cortical areas?

Answer 6

Anterior and posterior cingulate cortex

Question 7

What Brodmann area is the precentral gyrus(primary motor cortex?

Answer 7

4

Question 8

What is the somatotopic organization of the primary motor cortex?

Answer 8

homunculus with the LE dorsomedial, UE and face ventrolateral

Question 9

What is a fractured somatotopy?

Answer 9

what the primary motor cortex presents with. it is overlapping regions and scattered distribution of motor neurons which innervate specific muscles

Question 10

Fractured homunculus

Answer 10

cortical motor (CM) neurons to specific muscles represented in several areas

Question 11

Primary motor cortex is what level in the motor hierarchy?

Answer 11

lowest level of motor cortical hierarchy

Question 12

What are the two debates about the primary motor cortex role?

Answer 12

• encodes specific muscle kinetic features (such as amount of force for specific movement)
• kinematic features such as speed, direction and spatial path

Question 13

Where is the supplementary motor cortex?

Answer 13

along the superior and medial aspect of the superior frontal gyrus

Question 14

What is the somatotopic representation on the supplementary motor cortex?

Answer 14

Face, UE, and LE are arranged in a rostral-caudal orientation

Question 15

What is produced with stimulation of the supplementary motor cortex?

Answer 15

movements but in a complex synergy pattern

Question 16

When is the supplementary motor cortex active?

Answer 16

up to 120 ms before the movement occurs! (suggesting that it is a site for motor planning)

Question 17

What is the motor planning aspect of the SMA strengthened by?

Answer 17

projections to the basal nuclei and cerebellum which help in organization of he movement performed by the primary motor cortex

Question 18

What S/S are produced with damage to the supplementary motor cortex?

Answer 18

problem in bimanual tasks, motor memory and motor learning

Question 19

Where is the premotor cortex located?

Answer 19

just rostral to the primary motor cortex with a rough somatotopic organization that parallels the primary

Question 20

Just like the supplementary motor area, the premotor area is involved in what?

Answer 20

synergy patterns when stimulated

Question 21

Where are kinematic features of targeting movements?

Answer 21

actually there is a debate on this whether it is in the premotor cortex or the primary motor cortex

Question 22

What is the role of the posterior parietal cortex?

Answer 22

it is critical for providing spatial information for goal-directed movement

Question 23

What other spatial information does the posterior parietal cortex have?

Answer 23

spatial relationships of the environment and how these impact the movement as it takes place

Question 24

What information does the posterior parietal cortex give about goal directed movement?

Answer 24

• orientation of the body toward the goal directed object

- determination of the relative shapes and sizes and orientation of objects within the environment

Question 25

What is the cingulate motor area?

Answer 25

limbic cortex (anterior cingulate gyrus)

Question 26

What does the cingulate motor area contribute with the parietal lobe to?

Answer 26

about 1/3 of the pyramidal tract neurons

Question 27

What is similar about the cingulate motor cortex and the supplementary motor cortex?

Answer 27

somatotopic map of face to feet in a rostral-caudal orientation

Question 28

What type of projections are in the cingulate motor cortex?

Answer 28

cingulospinal projections

Question 29

Where do cingulospinal projections terminate?

Answer 29

in the intermediate gray, influencing LMNs via interneurons

Question 30

Where does the limbic cortex receive input from?

Answer 30

amygdala and non motor areas of the cingulate gyrus

Question 31

What is the function of the anterior cingulate gyrus?

Answer 31

provides motivational and reward (goal of performance) information

Question 32

Where does input to the primary motor cortex come from?(4)

Answer 32

- primary somatosensory areas analogous to the regions of the primary motor cortex - premotor cortex, SMA, CMA - dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC)(which also goes to SMA and CMA) - posterior parietal input

Question 33

What is the function of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

Answer 33

1. short term memory for action related sensory information 2. preparatory motor set 3. inhibition of motor response to distracting stimuli

Question 34

What is the basal nuclei loop?

Answer 34

- supplementary motor cortex to the striatum - direct and indirect pathways within basal nuclei and the incorporation of the substantia nigra - GPi/SNr to VL/VA thalamus then onto primary motor cortex

Question 35

What does the cerebellar loop involve?

Answer 35

primary and premotor cortex to the pontine and inferior olivary nuclei

Question 36

What do the pontocerebellar and olivocerebellar fibers of the cerebellar loop have input to?

Answer 36

deep cerebellar nuclei and the cortex

Question 37

Where do the deep cerebellar nuclei of the cerebellar loop have output to?

Answer 37

VL thalamus and back to the primary motor cortex

Question 38

What is the PAS? What does it mean?

Answer 38

perceptual action system means that purposeful movement does not occur in isolation from the sensory perceptual experience of the environment (requires input from the environment to correctly execute motor action)

Question 39

What is Haptic sensing? examples

Answer 39

generation of sensory input from deliberate motor action exploration of an object by the hand integration of cutaneuous and proprioceptive information

Question 40

What does haptic sensing require?

Answer 40

working memory which is provided by action of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the posterior parietal cortex

Question 41

What are visual saccades?

Answer 41

ballistic voluntary conjugate eye movements used to capture a visual image onto the fovea of the retina

Question 42

when are visual saccades used?

Answer 42

in reading and visual scanning

Question 43

Where do the motor programs for saccades reside?

Answer 43

in the RF of midbrain and pons (central pattern generator for conjugate eye movement)

Question 44

What is the central pattern generator for conjugate eye movement controlled by?

Answer 44

the superior colliculus

Question 45

What does the superior colliculus coordinate?

Answer 45

movements of the eyes via tectobulbar projections (to RF central pattern generator) and head via the tectospinal tract (to c spine)

Question 46

Where is the frontal eye field located?

Answer 46

in the middle frontal gyrus rostral to the premotor cortex

Question 47

What is the function of the frontal eye field?

Answer 47

generates contralateral horizontal conjugate eye movement

Question 48

Where are projections from the frontal eye fields?

Answer 48

superior colliculus and then to RF

Question 49

Where is there a supplementary eye field located?

Answer 49

in the supplementary motor area

Question 50

Where does the supplementary eye field project?

Answer 50

to the brainstem and the frontal eye fields

Question 51

Where is the parietal eye field located?

Answer 51

in the parietal lobe just inferior lateral to the posterior parietal area

Question 52

where does the parietal eye field project?

Answer 52

to the brainstem and to the frontal eye field

Question 53

What are the roles of the supplementary eye field and the parietal eye field?

Answer 53

unclear but maybe an organizing function of the supplementary eye fields and spatial coordination of parietal eye fields

Question 54

What is the first step involved in the performance of an instructed motion?

Answer 54

activation of auditory cortex

Question 55

second step in performance of an instructed motion?

Answer 55

interpretation of command through Wernicke's

Question 56

third step in performance of an instructed motion?

Answer 56

activation of the parietal eye fields and posterior parietal cortex for placing this command within the movement space (spatial environment and coordination of eye movement to that site of placement_

Question 57

What is the 4th step in the performance of an instructed motion? (after spatial awareness)

Answer 57

organization of motion by premotor cortex and supplementary motor cortex

Question 58

what is involved in organization of movement?

Answer 58

basal nuclei and cerebellum

Question 59

What is the 5th step of performance of an instructed motion?

Answer 59

primary motor cortex for command of spinal motor neurons to perform the movement

Question 60

What is needed for proprioceptive feedback to cerebellum?

Answer 60

cerebellar efferent copy