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PT 104 > Spine & Thorax > Flashcards

Spine & Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

How many vertebrae are in the vertebral column?

A

24

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2
Q

How many cervical vertebrae are located in the neck?

A

7

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3
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae are located in the lower back?

A

5

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4
Q

There are ______ thoracic vertebrae

A

12

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5
Q

The sacrum & coccyx are composed of ____ vertebrae that do not move

A

fused

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6
Q

These vertebrae are the most mobile and accessible out of the 24 spinal bones

A

Cervical vertebrae

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7
Q

These 12 vertebrae articulate with the 12 pairs of ribs and are designed for minimal movement & protect the vital internal organs

A

Thoracic vertebrae

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8
Q

These vertebrae are located btw the 12 rib & posterior iliac crest & are designed to support the weight of the upper body

A

Lumbar vertebrae

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9
Q

This bone is superficial and located along the midline of the chest aka “breastbone”

A

sternum

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10
Q

The thorax includes the _________ and _______

A

Sternum & Rib cage

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11
Q

Ribs 1-7 are known as “true ribs” because…?

A

they attach directly to the sternum

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12
Q

Ribs 8-12 are known as “false ribs” because…?

A

attach indirectly to the sternum by means of the coastal cartilage

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13
Q

These ribs are considered “floating ribs”

A

11-12 b/c they do not attach to the sternum or costal cartilage at all

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14
Q

Superior view of a vertebrae, the horizontal processes that are located on either side are called?

A

Transverse process (TVP)

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15
Q

Superior view of a vertebrae, the vertical processes that are located on the inferior portion of the vertebrae is called?

A

Spinous process

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16
Q

The name the portion of the sternum that is inferior to the jugular notch and superior to the sternal angle

A

Manubrium

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17
Q

Name each end of a rib

A

sternal end- connects to the sternum vertebral end- attaches to the vertebral colomn

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18
Q

The sternal end of the 1st rib contains a groove that makes room for these important blood vessels, name them.

A

Groove for subclavian artery & vein

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19
Q

What is the joint btw the sternum and costal called?

A

Sternocostal Joint

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20
Q

The joint between the ribs and the costal cartilage is called?

A

Costochondral joint

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21
Q

The groove btw the spinous process and the transverse process located on the inferior portion of the vertebrae on either side is called? (filled with layers of inaccessible muscles)

A

lamina groove

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22
Q

This process attaches to the sternum & is the most inferior

A

xiphoid process

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23
Q

Which thoracic vertebrae can you find by locating the superior angle of the scapula?

A

T-2

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24
Q

Which thoracic vertebrae can you find by locating the inferior angle of the scapula?

A

T-7

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25
Q

Which thoracic vertebrae can you find by locating the 12th rib?

A

T-12

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26
Q

Which lumbar vertebrae can you locate by finding the top of the iliac crest?

A

L-4

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27
Q

The cervical & Lumbar regions of the spine bend anteriorly. What is this curve called?

A

Lordotic Curve

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28
Q

The thoracic & sacral regions of the spine bend posteriorly. What is this curve called?

A

Kyphotic Curve

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29
Q

What are the discs called located in btw the bodies of vertebrae that cushion some of the shock of our body weight?

A

Intervertebral discs

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30
Q

Name the tough outer layer of the intervertebral disc

A

Annulus fibrosus

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31
Q

Name the liquid center of the intervertebral disc

A

Nucleus Pulposus

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32
Q

Name the pathology associated with a damaged to the annulus fibrosus, in which the nucleus pulposus leaks out and pushes against nerves in the spinal cord.

A

Herniated nucleus pulposus (HNP) or herniated

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33
Q

1st cervical vertebrae is the only vertebrae that does not have what process?

A

Spinous process

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34
Q

The pivot joint between C1 & C2 allows for what type of movement and what is the correct name of this joint?

A

Allows rotation on the atlantoaxial joint

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35
Q

The spinous process of which vertebrae can be located at the base of the neck when the neck is flexed?

A

C7

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36
Q

The transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae have anterior & posterior tubercles that channel which nerves?

A

cervical nerves

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37
Q

Anterior tubercles located on the TVP of cervical vertebrae is the attachment site for which muscle?

A

Anterior scalene

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38
Q

Posterior tubercles located on the TVP of cervical vertebrae is the attachment site for which muscle?

A

middle & posterior scalenes, levator scapula & others

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39
Q

What plexus exit btw the TVP’s of the cervical vertebrae?

A

brachial plexus

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40
Q

If you are working on a pt & they complain of a sharp, shooting sensation down the arm what are you compressing or impinging and what should you do?

A

Brachial plexus, immediately release & adjust your position posteriorly, get the pt’s feedback. May need to stop pt

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41
Q

The TVP’s of the cervical vertebrae are located deep to this muscle

A

sternocleidomastoid muscle

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42
Q

What anatomical landmarks can be used to located the transverse process of C1?

A

Mastoid process

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43
Q

C6 has a large anterior tubercle, what is the name of this tubercle and which blood vessel passes immediately lateral to it?

A

carotid tubercle & carotid artery

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44
Q

What muscles fill the lamina groove?

A

Erector Spinae & Transversospinalis muscles

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45
Q

The jugular notch lies on the same transverse plane as the spinous process of which vertebrae?

A

T2

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46
Q

The sternal angle lines up with with which spinous process?

A

T4

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47
Q

The xiphoid process is directly across from the body of which vertebrae?

A

T10

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48
Q

The vertebral end of the first rib is located _________ to the clavicle

A

Superior

49
Q

What forms the posterior triangle of the neck?

A

The clavicle, sternocleidomastoid, and trapezius muscles.

50
Q

Name two structures that pass between the 1st rib and the clavicle?

A

The brachial plexus and subclavian artery

51
Q

Which directions are the ribs designed to expand?

A

Anterior/posterior, lateral, and superior.

52
Q

The medial portions of the 11th and 12th ribs lie deep to which lumbar muscles?

A

Erector Spinae muscles

53
Q

Where are the splenii muscles are located?

A

Along the posterior neck, deep to the trapezius

54
Q

What muscles are located in the lamina groove ?

A

Transversospinalis

55
Q

What muscles make up the transversospinalis?

A

Rotatores, mulifidi & semispinalis

56
Q

What muscles extend from the tip of the spinous process to the body of the rib?

A

Erector Spinae muscles

57
Q

What muscles make up the erector spinae muscles?

A

spinalis, longissimus & iliocostalis

58
Q

Which organs are located in the diaphragm?

A

vena cava, abdominal aorta & esophageal hiatus

59
Q

Name the muscles responsible for vertebral flexion

A

1)rectus abdominis 2) external oblique (bilaterally) 3) internal oblique (bilaterally) 4) psoas major (with insertion fixed) 5) Iliacus (with insertion fixed)

60
Q

Name the muscles responsible for vertebral extension

A

1) Longissimus 2)Iliocostalis 3)Multifidi 4)Rotatores 5) semispinalis capitis 6)spinalis 7) Intertransversarii 8)quadratus lumborum (assists) 9) Interspinalis 10) Intertransversarii 11) Latissimus dorsi (assits, when are is fixed) ((*note 1-7 bilaterally ))

61
Q

Name the muscles responsible for Rotation (all unilaterally)

A

1) External oblique (to the opposite side) 2) Internal oblique (to the same side) 3)Multifidi (to the opposite side) 4)Rotatores (to the opposite side)

62
Q

Name the muscles responsible for Lateral Flexion

A

1) Iliocostalis 2)External Oblique 3) Internal Oblique 4) Longissimus 5) Quadratus lumborum 6)Intertransversarii 7)Spinalis 8)Latissumis dorai (assits) 9)Psoas Major (assists)

63
Q

Name the muscles responsible for ribs/thorax elevation/expansion that are involved in inhalation

A

1) Anterior Scalene 2) Middle Scalene 3) Posterior scalene 4)Serratus posterior superior 5)Subclavius (1st rib) 6)Pectoralis Major (all fibers may assist if arm is fixed) 7)Pectoralis minor (if scapula is fixed) 8)Serratus anterior (if scapula is fixed) 9)Sternocleidomastoid (assists) 10)Exernal intercostals (assists)

64
Q

Name the muscles responsible for ribs/thorax depression/collapse that are involved in exhalation

A

1) Serratus posterior inferior 2) Internal intercostals (assits)

65
Q

Which cervical vertebrae are responsible for rotation?

A

C1/C2

66
Q

Which vertebrae does not have a spinous process?

A

C1

67
Q

What spinous process is considered the base of the neck?

A

C7

68
Q

How many nerves extend from the cervical vertebrae?

A

8

69
Q

What synergist movements does the SCM assist in?

A

elevation/ expansion

70
Q

What motions do the erector spinae group assist the vertebral column with?

A

extension, lateral flexion & rotation of the head & neck on the same side

71
Q

Where does the spinalis originate?

A

(thoraces)=Spinous processes of the upper lumbar & lower thoracic vertebrae . (cervicis)=Ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7

72
Q

What do the thoracic vertebrae articulate with?

A

the ribs

73
Q

Which muscles are in the lamina groove of the thoracic vertebrae?

A

erector spinae

74
Q

What vertebrae is at the same level as the sternal angle?

A

T4

75
Q

Which 2 bony landmarks are associated with T7 and T12?

A

inferior angle of the scapula and 12th rib

76
Q

Which curve affects the thoracic spine?

A

kyphosis

77
Q

What is an attachment site for the diaphragm?

A

central tendon

78
Q

What is the deepest muscle of the abdominal group

A

transverse abdominis

79
Q

Which muscle group runs from the sacrum to the occiput along the posterior aspect of the vertebral column?

A

Erector Spinae group

80
Q

The erector spinae group includes which 3 muscles?

A

Spinalis, Longissimus, Iliocostalis

81
Q

The tendons of which erector spinae muscle extends laterally beneath the scapula?

A

iliocostalis

82
Q

The erectors lie deep to the thin but dense __________ aponeruosis?

A

Thoracolumbar

83
Q

In the thoracic & cervical spine, the erector spinae lie deep to which muscles?

A

rhomboids, trapezius, serratus posterior superior & inferior

84
Q

What motion does the erector spinae group assist the vertebral column with?

A

extension, lateral flexion & rotation of the head & neck on the same side

85
Q

Where does the spinalis originate?

A

Spinous processes of the upper lumbar & lower thoracic vertebrae =(thoracis) . Ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of C7 =(cervicis)

86
Q

Where does the spinalis insert?

A 
Thoracis= spinous processes of the upper thoracic 
Cervicis= spinous processes of the cervicals, except c1
87
Q

The spinalis is considered the most medial, lateral, posterior or anterior muscle of the erector spinae group?

A

Medial (closed to the spine compared to the other 2)

88
Q

What muscles make up the transversospinalis group?

A

Multifidi, rotatores, semispinalis capitis

89
Q

Does the transversospinalis group extend the length of the vertebral column?

A

Yes

90
Q

What are the only muscles that lie across the posterior surface of the sacrum and are directly accessible in the lumbar spine?

A

multifidi

91
Q

What short, smaller muscles lie DEEP to the multifidi?

A

rotatores

92
Q

Which muscle is located along the thoracic and cervical vertebrae and reach the cranium?

A

semispinalis capitis

93
Q

Name the origin and insertion of the multifidi?

A 
O= scarum & TVP of lumbar through cervical vertebrae
I= spinous processes of lumbar through cervical vertebrae
94
Q

What finlike sheet of connective tissue runs along the saggital plane of the occipital protuberance to the spinous process of C-7 in the neck?

A

Ligamentum nuchae

95
Q

What is the function of the ligamentum nuchae?

A

to help stabilize the head and neck

96
Q

What ligament attaches to the spinous processes of the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae?

A

supraspinous ligament

97
Q

What blood vessel carries blood to the abdominal organs and lower appendages?

A

abdominal aorta

98
Q

The abdominal aorta is lateral to which muscle?

A

psoas major

99
Q

Name the diamond shaped tendon that lies superficially across the posterior thorax, stretches across the sacrum to the posterior iliac crest and runs upward to the lower thoracic vertebrae?

A

thoracocolumbar aponeurosis

100
Q

What umbrella like structure separates the upper and lower thoracic cavities?

A

diaphragm

101
Q

The diaphragm is the primary muscle of…..

A

respiration

102
Q

On _______ the muscle fibers of the diaphragm relax, releasing the ___________ and allowing the lungs to ______.

A

exhalation
central tendon
deflate

103
Q

Where does the diaphragm originate?

A

Costal attachment = inner surface of lower 6 ribs
Lumbar attachment = upper 2 or 3 lumbar vertebrae
Sternal attachment = inner part of xiphoid process

104
Q

Name the muscles that make up the abdominal group?

A

Rectus abdominis
External oblique
Internal oblique
Transverse abdominis

105
Q

Which structure attaches to edge of the sacrum?

A

sarcotuberous ligament

106
Q

What abdominal muscle attaches to the pubic crest?

A

Rectus abdominis

107
Q

Which abdominal muscles originates at the inguinal ligament?

A

Internal oblique and transverse abdominis

108
Q

How many foramen does the sacrum have?

A

8

109
Q

Which muscle can compress the sciatic nerve?

A

piriformis

110
Q

What abdominal muscles laterally flex the vertebral column?

A

Internal and external oblique

111
Q

What abdominal muscle compresses abdominal contents?

A

transverse abdominis

112
Q

What action does the rectus abdominis perform?

A

flex the vertebral column

posteriorly tilt the pelvis

113
Q

What muscle is located DEEP to the rhomboids and trapezius?

A

splenius capitis

114
Q

What muscle can be located in the lamina groove of the upper thoracic and cervical spine?

A

splenius cervicis

115
Q

What actions do the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis perform?

A

Rotate head and neck
Laterally flex head and neck
Extend head and neck

116
Q

How many suboccipital muscles are there?

A

8

117
Q

Which suboccipital muscles ROCK and TILT the head back into extension?

A

Rectus capitis posterior major and minor

Oblique capitis superior

118
Q

These suboccipital muscles ROTATE the head to the same side?

A

Rectus capitis posterior major

Oblique capitis inferior

119
Q

Which suboccipital muscle laterally flexes the head?

A

Oblique capitis inferior

PT 104 (4 decks)

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