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Biomechanics > Spine II > Flashcards

Spine II Flashcards

1
Q

What is the action limit for low back compression?

A

3300 Newton’s

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2
Q

4 General conclusions about annulus injury:

A
  1. disc must be bent to full ROM to herniate
  2. herniation associated with repeated loading in range off thousands of time (fatigue)
  3. herniation linked with sedentary occupations and sitting posture
  4. herniation occur in younger spines, those w/higher water content and more hydraulic behavior
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3
Q

Disc Buldge

A

Expansion of disc material beyond its normal border (e.g., a normal disc during compression, or a degenerated disc with decreased disc height) – the AF is bulging

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4
Q

Protrusion

A

Discrete localized bulge in the AF, the disc material is displaced (i.e., the NP has protruded through the inner layers of AF) – a true herniation

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5
Q

Extrusion

A

NP has protruded through all layers of AF, but remains attached to disc of origin

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6
Q

Sequestration

A

A free disc fragment is located in epidural space can migrate superiorly, inferiorly, medially, or laterally

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7
Q

Damage to annulus of disc appears to be associated with _____ _____ spine for repeated period of time

A

fully flexing

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8
Q

Muscles create force:

A
  1. Forces play roles in moment production for movement

2. Forces stabilize joints for safety and performance

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9
Q

Rotatores and Intertransversarii

A
  • small rotator muscles of spine

- attach to adjacent vertebrae=create axial twisting torque

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10
Q

Function of Intertransversarii

A

lateral flexion

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11
Q

Intertransversarii and rotatores ar rich in:

A

muscle spindles

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12
Q

Extensors: Longissimus, Iliocostalis, and Multifidus Groups

A

major extensors of thoracolumbar spine

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13
Q

Thoracic region of muscles contain 75%

A

slow twitch fibers

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14
Q

Lumbar region fibers:

A

more evenly mixed

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15
Q

Pars thoracis components attach:

A

to ribs and vertebral fibers with long tendons

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16
Q

Long tendons:

A

run parallel to spine to their origins on posterior surface of sacrum and medial border of the iliac crest

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17
Q

Lumbar components generate:

A

shear forces together with extensor moment on superior vertebrae

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18
Q

Posterior shear forces support:

A

anterior reaction shear forces of upper vertebrae that are produced as upper body is flexed forward in a typical lifting posture

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19
Q

Multifidus muscle forces:

A

affect only local areas of the spine

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20
Q

Multifidus muscles are involved in:

A

producing extensor torque but only provide ability for corrections at specific joints that may be foci of stress

21
Q

The functional significance of Abdominal Fascia is made more important by:

A

connections of aponeurosis with pectoralis major, together with fascial elements that cross midline to transmit force to fascia (and abdominal muscles) on opposite side of abdomen

22
Q

Rectus Abdominis:

A

major trunk flexor and most active during sit-ups and curl-us

23
Q

Why is rectus abdominis partitioned into sections?

A

to limit bulking upon shortening and sections also have a bead effect

24
Q

What does beaded rectus allow?

A

lateral transmission of forces from oblique muscles forming a continuous hoop around abdomen

25
Q

What do Intermuscular tendons and fascia prevent?

A

fibers of rectus from being ripped apart laterally from these hoop stresses

26
Q

What are the three layers of the abdominal wall?

A

external, oblique, internal oblique and transverse abdominis

27
Q

Layers of abdominal wall involved in:

A

flexion and appear to have flexor potential enhanced

28
Q

Why do layers of abdominal wall appear to have flexor potential enhanced?

A

b/c of their attachment to linea semilunaris

29
Q

What does the linea semilunaris do?

A

redirects oblique forces down rectus sheath to effectively ↑ flexor moment arm

30
Q

Obliques involved in:

A

torso twisting and lateral bend

31
Q

Obliques appear to:

A

play a role in stabilization since they increase activity when under axial compression

32
Q

What enhances stability in obliques?

A

combination and transverse activation with elevated intra-abdominal pressure

33
Q

What form a containing hoop around entire abdomen?

A

Obliques together with transverse abdominis

34
Q

What is hoop around abdomen composed of?

A

abdominal fascia and posterior lumbodorsal fascia

35
Q

The psoas muscles is:

A

major stabilizer of lumbar spine

36
Q

Quadratus Lumborum appears to be highly involved with

A

stabilization of lumbar spine, together with other muscles, suggesting clinical focus may be warranted

37
Q

When lumbar spine in neutral lordosis:

A

only muscle contributions need be considered in

38
Q

What is stressed as spine flexes, bends and twists?

A

passive tissues

39
Q

What assists in restricting excessive flexion and extension

A

ALL and PLL

40
Q

Ligamentum flavum is:

A

80% elastin and 20% collagen

41
Q

Ligamentum flavum acts as:

A

a barrier to material that could buckle and encroach on cord in some regions of ROM

42
Q

Supraspinous ligament provides:

A

resistance against excessive forward flexion

43
Q

Interspinous ligament provides:

A

collateral action as it guides sliding motion of facet joints and checks posterior shear of superior vertebrae

44
Q

What are torn spinal ligaments a result of?

A

ballistic loading-particularly slips and falls or traumatic sporting activity with spine at its end range of motion

45
Q

Lumbodorsal Fascia is:

A

strong tissue with a well-developed lattice of collagen fibers,

46
Q

Function of LDF:

A

may be that of an extensor retinaculum or nature’s back belt and fulfills a proprioceptive function

47
Q

LDF is not

A

a significant active extensor of spine

48
Q

LDF is part of:

A

Part of “hoop” around abdomen posteriorly, abdominal fascia anteriorly, and active abdominal muscles laterally

Biomechanics (13 decks)

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