Spine Anatomy Flashcards
C7 has the most ___
T3 is level with ___
T7 level with ____
L4 level with ____
C7 - Prominent vertebral spine (vertebra prominens)
T3 - Scapular spine
T7 - Inferior angle of scapula
L4 - Iliac crest
Cervical spine has ___ curvature and ___ vertebrae
Lordotic
7
What is the C1 vertebra called? What is unique about it?
C1 = Atlas (holding up the world!)
No spinous process or body
Posterior/anterior arch/tubercle
Brainstem narrowing to form spinal cord needs large foramen
C2 is called what? How unique?
Axis (articular w/ C1 allows head to pivot)
Dens inserts into “facet for dens” on C1
COmplex with C1 and C2? What movements does this allow?
Occiput-Atlas-Axis Complex
Allows nodding/shaking head
What is unique about transverse processes in cervical vertebrae?
Risk of spinal manipulation here?
Transverse foramen for passage of vertebral artery
Vertebral artery dissection
Thoracic spine has ___ curve and consists of ___ vertebrae
Unique features?
Kyphotic
12 vertebrae
Costal facets
Lumbar spine has ___ curvature
__ vertebrae
Lordotic 5 vertebrae (bigger as you go lower)
Which part of the spine has heart-shaped vertebral bodies?
Thoracic
Curvature of sacral spine?
How many vertebrae?
Kyphotic
5 fused vertebrae
How many vertebrae in the coccyx?
3 2-(fused)
Sacral canal/hiatus are continuation of?
Vertebral foramen in C/T/L spines
nerves then exit through ant/post sacral foramina
What is the joint between the occipital condyles of skull + superior articular facets of atlas?
Type of joint?
Motion?
Atlanto-occipital
Synovial
Nodding (flexion)
How many atlanto-axial joints are there? Motion?
Held i place by what ligament?
2 LAJ + 1 MAJ (dens)
Pivoting of head
Transverse ligament of atlas
Joints between uncinate processes and inferolateral vertebral bodies above from C3-C7
Uncovertebral joints
What are zygapophyseal (facet) joints?
Plane, synovial joints
Between inferior/superior articular processes
Describe intervertebral joints
Fibrocartilaginous joints
Bw vertebral bodies + intervertebral discs
Between which vertebae is there no intervertebral joint?
C1-C2 (atlas has no body)
Components of intervertebral disc
Annulus fibrosis (thick outer fibour ring) Inner nucleus pulposus (gelatinous, avascular)
2 types of joints articulating with ribs. Between what and what?
Costovertebral joints (head of rib w/ costal facets) Costotransverse joints (transverse process w/ costal tubercle)
Name 5 ligaments supporting spine
Anterior (anterior to vertebral bodies)
Posterior (within vertebral canal)
Supraspinous (on spinous processes, becomes nuchal ligament in neck)
Interspinous ligament (b/w spinous processes)
Ligamenta flava (b/w laminae)
Innominate bone AKA? Made up of what 3 bones?
Os coxae
Ilium + ischium + pubis
3 important ligaments of the pelvis?
Sacrospinous (sacrum –> ischial spine)
Sacrotuberous (sacrum –> ischial tuberosity)
Sacroiliac (SI joint)
What nerves pass through the greater sciatic foramen? Which pass through the lesser sciatic foramen?
GSF: sciatic + gluteal
LSF: pudendal + obturator
What muscles (4) oppose too much rotation of sacrum forward + coccyx backward under weight of spine?
Rectus abdominus
External obliques
Glutes + hamstrings
Tapered bottom of SC = ? At what spinal level? What is below that?
Conus medularis @ L1-L2
Cauda equina = bundle of nerves below
3 meninges
Dura (thick exterior)
Arachnoid
Pia (spray-paint like interior)
Space between dura + arachnoid mater. What is this space?
Subdural space POTENTIAL space (blood can collect there but not usually filled)
Between arachnoid + pia mater
Subarachnoid space
Dura has ___ and ___ layer. Only ___ layer continues into the SC
Endosteal + meningeal
Only meningeal in SC
Arachnoid mater lacks..
Vascularity/innervation
Dural sinuses are between __ and ___
Endosteal + meningeal layers (full of venous blood, drain thebrain)
Dural septa =
What are the 4?
2 layers of meningeal dura Falx cerebri (divides hmisphere) Tentorium cerebelli (cerebrum from cerebellum) Falx cerebelli (halves of cerebellum) Diaphragma sellae (covers sella turcica/pituitary)
3 types of extracerebral hemorrhages
Epidural (above dura, usually arterial blood)
Subdural (below dura, usually venous)
Subarachnoid
Which space contains CSF?
Subarachnoid
Epidural space is posterior to ___, highly___ and filled with ___
Posterior to dura mater, highly vascularized, filled with fat
For lumbar puncture/epidural the needles pass through what layers?
Skin, subQ fat, supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flava
Then for LP go through dura + arachnoid maters
Epidural/LP should be performed at what spinal level and why?
BELOW conus medularis (e.g. L3-L4)
What 2 opposing muscles perform flexion and extension of neck? Innervation?
SCM (flex)
Traps (ext)
Accessory nerve for both
Name 4 extrinsic back muscles
Trapezius
Latissimus dorsi
Rhomboids
Teres major
Deep muscles: (supplied by dorsal rami)
- name 5 superficial deep back muscles (2 categories
1) Erector spinae: Iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis (“I like standing” from lat –> med)
2) Splenius cervicis + capitus
Deep muscles: (supplied by dorsal rami)
- name 3 DEEP deep back muscles
Transverso-spinal group: semispinalis, rotatores, multifidus
“Hands in pockets” are which abdominal muscles?
External obliques (internal are up twd sternum)
Abdominal muscles from external to internal
External obliques
Internal obliques
Rectus abdominus
Transversus abdominus
