Neuropathy

Question 1

increased, involuntary, velocity-dependent muscle tone, which causes stiffness, and/or tightness of the muscles and manifests as resistance to movement.

Answer 1

Spasticity

Question 2

series of involuntary, rhythmic muscular contractions

Answer 2

Clonus

Question 3

Clonus vs myoclonus

Answer 3

Myoclonus = arrhythmical, sudden jerks of muscle/group; associated w/ metabolic abnormalities (renal/liver failure)
Clonus = rhythmic, repetitive contractions/relaxations

Question 4

Involuntary, asynchronous contraction of muscle fascicles within a single motor unit

What is this called? What can this signify?

Answer 4

Fasciculation

Can signify LMN lesion (spontaneous APs/upregulation of NAChRs @ NMJ)

Question 5

Lesions localized where are characterized by:

• pure motor dysfunction (weakness, atrophy)
• no sensory involvement
• weakness that is diffuse but proximal

Answer 5

Muscle

Question 6

Lesions localized where are characterized by:

• motor, sensory, both
• distributed by spinal level, single/multiple peripheral nerve(s), length-dependant
• more likely distal

Answer 6

Nerve

Question 7

Lesions localized where are characterized by:

• pure motor dysfunction
• no sensory involvement
• involving specific myotome(s) or potentially diffuse

Answer 7

Anterior horn cell

Question 8

Lesions localized where are characterized by:

• low tone (floppy)
• hyporeflexia
• atrophy
• fasciculations

Answer 8

Lower motor neuron

Question 9

Lesions localized where are characterized by:

• spasticity
• hyperreflexia
• no atrophy
• no fasciculations

Answer 9

Upper motor neuron

Question 10

Lesions localized where are characterized by:

• Cranial nerve dysfunction PLUS
• mixture of contralateral & ipsilateral deficits (involving face)
• motor, sensory, coordination, autonomic function, LOC impacts

Answer 10

Brainstem

Question 11

Lesions localized where are characterized by:

• ipsilateral motor dysfunction below level of lesion
• mixture of contralateral & ipsilateral sensory deficits below level of lesion
• bowel/bladder dysfunction

Answer 11

Spinal cord

Question 12

Lesions localized where are characterized by:

• ipsilateral ataxia
• timing difficulties
• dysarthria
• abnormal eye movements (e.g. nystagmus)

Answer 12

Cerebellum

Question 13

Lesions localized where are characterized by issues with

• memory/learning
• emotions/behaviour
• autonomic dysfunction
• seizures

Answer 13

Limbic system

Question 14

Lesions localized where are characterized by:

• contralateral motor/sensory/vision
• emotion & higher cognition
• multiple modalities involved

Answer 14

Thalamus

Question 15

Lesions localized where are characterized by:

• contralateral movement disorders
  
  • akinetic/bradykinetic (e.g. Parkinsonism)
  • hyperkinetic (e.g. chorea, myoclonus, etc.)

Answer 15

Basal ganglia

Question 16

Lesions localized where are characterized by:

• contralateral motor/sensation (unilateral)
• vision (contralateral hemi field cut)
• speech/language
• higher cog function
• seizures

Answer 16

Cerebral hemispheres

Question 17

White matter lesions usually leads to __ symptoms

Answer 17

Negative

Question 18

Grey matter lesion usually leads to ___ symptoms

Answer 18

Positive (e.g. seizures)

Question 19

Define chorea

Answer 19

involuntary, sudden, irregular, nonrepetitive, arrhythmic movements of the limbs and/or head