Spine anatomy

Question 1

what are the names of the foramen in c1 (atlas), from cranial to caudal?
a) lateral vertebral foramen and alar or transverse foramen
b) alar or transverse foramen and lateral vertebral foramen
c) cranial and caudal foramen

Answer 1

A. see image, LVF is in the dorsal aspect and transverse has an arrow, not always seen

Question 2

c3,4, and 5 all have a ___ through which the vertebral artery passes
a) dorsal foramen
b) lateral foramen
c) transverse foramen
d) longitudinal foramen

Answer 2

C

Question 3

what distinguishes c6 from c3-5?
a) much larger spinous process
b) much larger transverse processes
c) no transverse foramen

Answer 3

B. the transverse process is slightly larger

Question 4

what makes c7 different from the other cervical vertebrae (more than one)
a) larger spinous process
b) much larger transverse processes
c) no transverse foramen

Answer 4

A, C

Question 5

what stabilises c1 and c2 together craniodorsally?

Answer 5

dorsal atlantoaxial ligament

Question 6

which of the following is not a ligament for stabilisation of the occipitoatlantoaxial region?
a) middle pillar of the apical ligament
b) lateral pillars of the apical ligament (alar ligaments)
c) atlantal (transverse) ligament
d) dorsal atlantoaxial ligament
e)ventral longitudinal liament

Answer 6

E

Question 7

name b and c

Answer 7

b- internal vertebral venous plexus
c- vertebral vein
d- intervertebral vein
e- interarcuate vein

Question 8

which is the anticlinal vertebra

Answer 8

T10 or T11

Question 9

name the labeled lines of the thoracic vertebra

Answer 9

a- lamina
b pedicle
c caudal articular process
d caudal coastal fovea/ facet for the rib

Question 10

what is this process?

Answer 10

accessory process

Question 11

name all the structures blocked out

Answer 11

see image

Question 12

what are the structures ventral to the cd vertebrae

Answer 12

hemal arches

Question 13

what is this process

Answer 13

mammilary process

Question 14

hemivertebrae (with or withoutsegmentation deformity) are a vertebral column abnormality which occurs in what stage?
a) embryonic
b) fetal

Answer 14

A
Classic hemivertebra results from a failure to form one sagittal half of the vertebrae,
including the centrum and neural arch. Although the cause is not known
it most likely due to congenital absence of vascularization unilaterally. An incomplete failure of formation
leads to a laterally wedged vertebrae with a variable degree of unilateral hypoplasia;
however, there are bilateral pedicles completing the vertebral arch

Question 15

butterfly vertebrae (centrum median cleft) are a vertebral column abnormality which occurs in what stage?
a) embryonic
b) fetal

Answer 15

A
Butterfly vertebrae result from incomplete intradiscal migration of notochordal mate-
rial resulting in bifid centrum formation
may result in kyphosis if there is hypoplasia of the centrum (this occurs later in fetal development)

Question 16

wedge (mediolateral wedge) vertebrae are a vertebral column abnormality which occurs in what stage?
a) embryonic
b) fetal

Answer 16

A

Question 17

block vertebrae are a vertebral column abnormality which occurs in what stage?
a) embryonic
b) fetal

Answer 17

B

Question 18

hypoplasia of the articular processes occurs at what stage in development?
a) embryonic
b) fetal

Answer 18

B
pathogenesis has not been fully determined, but is postulated to result from either dysgenesis of the 2 neural arch centers of ossification or abnormal development of secondary ossification centers

Question 19

wedge (dorsoventral wedge) vertebrae are a vertebral column abnormality which occurs in what stage?
a) embryonic
b) fetal

Answer 19

B

Complex anomalies are those not readily classifiable or unclassifiable, and may involve any
multiple defects of formation and segmentation.

Question 20

Diastematomyelia (split cord) and centrum median cleft is a congenital anomaly occurring at what developmental stage?
a) embryonic
b) fetal

Answer 20

A
Neural tube defect: Any one of various congenital anomalies caused by incomplete closure of the neural tube during the early stages of embryonic development, eg, spina bifida (spinal cord), anencephaly (brain).
Diastomatomyelia: Congenital sagittal division (split) of the spinal cord. The 2 cords may be contained within the same meningeal sheath, or separate, often divided by a fibrous sheath
or bone. Diplomyelia is the term used if the 2 hemicords do not reunite caudally and remain as 2 separate spinal cords.

Question 21

which vertebral anomaly occurs due to incomplete intradiscal migration of notochordal material?
a) wedge shaped vertebrae
b) hemivertebrae
c) butterfly vertebrae
d) articular process hypoplasia

Answer 21

C

Question 22

developmental abnormalities of the centrum of the vertebae primarily result in?
a) scoliosis
b) kyphosis

Answer 22

B
Vertebral anomalies of the centrum result in predominantly kyphotic angulation
deformities caused by diminished vertebral body longitudinal growth. These anoma-
lies affect the vertebral body only (unless a mixed deformity), with normal or near
normal neural arch development.
Unilateral centrum defects may
result in a degree of scoliosis (kyphoscoliosis)

Question 23

which type of mucopolysaccharidosis can result in congenital spinal malformations

Answer 23

MPS II