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SPINE Flashcards

1
Q

pial folds that stretch from the surface of the cord to the dural sheath midway between the dorsal and ventral roots.

A

denticulate ligaments

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2
Q

denticulate ligaments NUMBER

A

20-21

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3
Q

has only a ventral root

A

C1

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4
Q

What arise from the conus medullaris

A

S4-5, Cox1

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5
Q

the tip of the vertebral spine corresponds to the level of the succeeding cord segment

A

cervical

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6
Q

the tip of the spine is two segments above the corresponding cord segment

A

upper thoracic spine

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7
Q

the tip of the spine is three segments above the corresponding cord segment

A

lower thoracic upper lumbar

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8
Q

The crowding of lumbosacral roots around the filum terminale

A

cauda equina.

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9
Q

carries blood vessels that supply and drain the spinal cord.

A

epipia

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10
Q

Rupture of bridging veins results in accumulation of blood and expansion of this space

A

SDH

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11
Q

contains adipose tissue and a venous plexus and is largest at the level of the second lumbar vertebra

A

Epidural space

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12
Q

the dura mater extends down to the level of

A

S1-S2

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13
Q

Asymmetry of the cord

A

more descending corticospinal tract fibers on the larger side.

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14
Q

found at L2 and above

A

dorsal spinocerebellar tract

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15
Q

cuneate tract (fasciculus) found at

A

T6 and above

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16
Q

intermedio-lateral cell column and the nucleus dorsalis of Clarke

A

between C8-L2

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17
Q

REXED I-IV

A

exteroceptive sensations

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18
Q

V and VI

A

Proprioceptive

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19
Q

relay between midbrain and cerebellum

A

VII

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20
Q

modulates motor activity, most probably via gamma neurons

A

VIII

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21
Q

Motor area

A

IX

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22
Q

dorsomedial cell group of Onuf

A

bulbocavernosus and ischiocavernosus

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23
Q

ventrolateral group of Onuf

A

external anal and urethral sphincters

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24
Q

two types of gamma motor neurons

A

static and dynamic

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25
Q

interposed between the recurrent axon collateral of an alpha motor neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the same alpha motor neuron.

A

Renshaw cell

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26
Q

mode of inhibition of Renshaw

A

recurrent inhibition

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27
Q

surrounds the central canal and contains neuroglia

A

Lamina X

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28
Q

2 types of neurons in SC GM

A

principal neurons and interneurons

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29
Q

2 types of principal

A

root and tract neurons

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30
Q

examples of tract

A

dorsal nucleus of Clarke, which gives rise to the dorsal spinocerebellar tract

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31
Q

Examples of root

A

alpha and gamma motor neurons in the ventral (anterior) horn and the autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) neurons in the intermediolateral horn and S-2 to S-4 spinal cord segments, respectively.

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32
Q

WM organization

A

Posterior (dorsal) funiculus
Lateral funiculus
Anterior (ventral) funiculus

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33
Q

Conscious proprioception

A

gracile, cuneate

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34
Q

Unconscious proprioception

A

Dorsal and ventral spino-cerebellar

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35
Q

level of cuneate

A

above T6

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36
Q

Dorsal spina-cerebellar extent

A

above L2

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37
Q

Spinocervical thalamic (Morin’s)

A

Conscious proprioception

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38
Q

Pain and thermal sensations

A

Lateral spino-thalamic

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39
Q

Light touch

A

Anterior spinothalamic

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40
Q

Spinal Cord Ascending Tracts.

A

Gracile, Cuneate, Dorsal spina-cerebellar, Ventral spina-cerebellar, Spinocervical thalamic (Morin’s), Lateral spina-thalamic. Anterior spinothalamic

41
Q

Spinal Cord Descending Tracts

A

Lateral corticospinal, Anterior cortico-spinal (bundle of Türck), Tract of Barnes, Rubrospinal, Lateral vestibule-spinal, Medial vestibule-spinal, Reticulospinal, Tectospinal, Descending autonomic,Monoaminergic

42
Q

Control of skilled movement, modulation of sensory activity

A

Lateral corticospinal, Anterior cortico-spinal (bundle of Türck), Tract of Barnes

43
Q

Rubrospinal origin

A

contra red nucleus

44
Q

Control of muscles that maintain upright posture and balance

A

Lateral vestibule-spinal

45
Q

Medial vestibulo-spinal

A

Head position in association with vestibular stimulation

46
Q

from Medullary and pontine reticular formation, bilaterally

A

Reticulospinal

47
Q

Head position in association with eye movement

A

Tectospinal

48
Q

from Ipsilateral hypothalamus to Anterolateral funiculus

A

Descending autonomic

49
Q

Raphe nucleus, locus ceruleus, periaqueductal gray to Lateral and anterior funiculi

A

Monoaminergic

50
Q

Other tract for vibration

A

spinocervical thalamic tract

51
Q

conveys to the cerebellum proprioceptive impulses from receptors located in muscles, tendons, and joints

A

Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract

52
Q

conveys to the cerebellum information pertaining to muscle contraction, including phase, rate, and strength of contraction.

A

Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract

53
Q

tract that terminates on the rostral and caudal portions of the vermis

A

Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract

54
Q

conveys impulses almost exclusively from Golgi tendon organs via Ib afferents.

A

Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract

55
Q

transmits, to the cerebellum, information related to interneuronal activity and the effectiveness of the descending pathways.

A

Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract

56
Q

two other indirect pathways from the spinal cord to the cerebellum:

A

spino-olivo-cerebellakr pathway

spino-reticulo-cerebellar pathway

57
Q

Which impulses arrive sooner, direct or indirect pathways?

58
Q

accounts for the presence of kinesthesia and discriminative touch after total interruption of the posterior funiculus

A

spinocervical thalamic tract

59
Q

concerned with transmission of pain and temperature sensations

A

Lateral Spinothalamic Tract

60
Q

fibers conveying pain sensations are located _______ and those conveying thermal sense are located most _________

A

anterior, posterior

61
Q

Other modalities for pain sensation

A

reticular system and a spinotectal pathway

62
Q

gate-control theory of pain

A

tonic-slowly adapting-continuous flow of activity-open gates

phasic-rapidly-fire in response to a stimulus

63
Q

Two types of pain receptors

A

unimodal nociceptors responding to nociceptive stimuli and polymodal nociceptors responding to nociceptive, chemical, and mechanical stimuli.

64
Q

Three types of spinothalamic neurons

A

low-threshold mechanoreceptors in laminae VI to VII,
high-threshold, nociceptive-specific nociceptors in lamina I,
and wide-dynamic-range neurons in laminae IV and V responding to both mechanoreceptor and nociceptor stimulation.

65
Q

Substance P, excitatory or inhibitory?

A

excitatory

66
Q

enkephalins are inhibitory pr excitatory

67
Q

This tract carries light touch stimuli

A

Anterior Spinothalamic Tract

68
Q

80 percent of the CS tract from

A

primary motor cortex (Brodmann’s area 4) and the premotor cortex (area 6)

69
Q

somatotopic organization of the CST

A

cervical fibers are most medial, followed laterally by the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral fibers

70
Q

uncrossed fibers remain in the anterior funiculus

A

anterior corticospinal tract (bundle of Türck)

71
Q

______ percent of the corticospinal fibers remain uncrossed (Figure 3-18) in the lateral funiculus (tract of Barnes) and influence ipsilateral motor neurons

A

2 to 3 percent

72
Q

_____ percent of the fiber population consists of large-caliber fibers (

73
Q

They terminate in the same laminae as the corticospinal tract and similarly facilitate flexor motor

A

Rubrospinal tract

74
Q

The two tracts constitute the dorsolateral pathway for movement, in which the _____ tract initiates movement and the ______corrects errors in movement

75
Q

The impulses conducted in this system facilitate extensor motor neurons that maintain upright posture.

A

Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract

76
Q

They exert a facilitatory effect on flexor motor neurons. The tract plays a role in control of head position.

A

Medial VST

77
Q

The pontine reticulospinal tract is located in the ______ funiculus of the spinal cord, whereas the medullary reticulospinal tract is located in the ______funiculus.

A

anterior, lateral

78
Q

Descending Autonomic Pathway originate from _______ and terminate from ________

A

hypothalamus, anterolateral SC

79
Q

Neuropeptides released at dorsal horn

A

Glutamate (main), others: substance P, somatostatin, and vasoactive intestinal peptides

80
Q

The _______ region has more neuropeptides compared with other regions of the spinal cord

A

Lumbosacral

81
Q

primary nociceptive and non-nociceptive afferents in the dorsal horn

A

Sub-stance P

82
Q

The marked reduction of substance P immunoreactivity in lamina II in patients with
profound analgesia

A

Riley-Day syndrome

83
Q

Stretching a muscle (by tapping its tendon) will activate the muscle spindle of the intrafusal muscle fiber (primary annulospiral endings).

A

MYOTATIC (STRETCH) REFLEX

84
Q

INVERSE MYOTATIC REFLEX

85
Q

3 mechanisms for reflexes

A
  1. length-controlling mechanism subserved by the annulospiral endings of the intrafusal fiber
  2. tension-controlling mechanism subserved by the Golgi tendon organ
  3. follow-up control system in which extrafusal muscle fiber length follows intrafusal muscle fiber length
86
Q

group III nerve fibers which facilitate ipsilateral flexor motor neurons and (2) inhibition of ipsilateral extensor motor neurons

A

FLEXOR REFLEX

87
Q

(1) facilitation of extensor motor neurons and (2) inhibition of flexor motor neurons

A

CROSSED EXTENSION REFLEX

88
Q

The urinary bladder receives efferent innervation from three sources:

A

(1) sympathetic supply via the hypogastric nerve, (2) parasympathetic supply via the pelvic nerve, and (3) somatic supply via the pudendal nerve

89
Q

Sympathetic afferents

A

may extend rostrally up to the fourth thoracic segment (T-4), but most are in the upper lumbar and low thoracic level

90
Q

Parasympathetic afferent

A

enter the cord between S-2 and S-4

91
Q

Somatic afferents

92
Q

associated with tonic activity in the sympathetic neurons and Onuf’s nucleus

A

BLADDER filling

93
Q

nhibition of sympathetic outflow, activation of parasympathetic outflow (contraction of detrusor muscle), and inhibition of Onuf’s nucleus (relaxation of external sphincter).

A

Bladder emptying (micturition)

94
Q

Descending pathways for micturition

A

travel in the lateral funiculus just ventral to the denticulate ligament and lateral corticospinal tract

95
Q

the coordination of urine storage and voiding takes place in the ____

96
Q

reat difficulty emptying the bladder, because when the bladder contracts, the urethral sphincter also contracts

A

detrusor–sphincter dyssynergia

97
Q

pontine micturition center

A

Barrington nucleus, M-region

98
Q

mportant during the filling phase of the bladder and is called the pontine continence center.

A

L-region), ventral and lateral to the Barrington area,

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