SPINE Flashcards
1
Q
pial folds that stretch from the surface of the cord to the dural sheath midway between the dorsal and ventral roots.
A
denticulate ligaments
2
Q
denticulate ligaments NUMBER
A
20-21
3
Q
has only a ventral root
A
C1
4
Q
What arise from the conus medullaris
A
S4-5, Cox1
5
Q
the tip of the vertebral spine corresponds to the level of the succeeding cord segment
A
cervical
6
Q
the tip of the spine is two segments above the corresponding cord segment
A
upper thoracic spine
7
Q
the tip of the spine is three segments above the corresponding cord segment
A
lower thoracic upper lumbar
8
Q
The crowding of lumbosacral roots around the filum terminale
A
cauda equina.
9
Q
carries blood vessels that supply and drain the spinal cord.
A
epipia
10
Q
Rupture of bridging veins results in accumulation of blood and expansion of this space
A
SDH
11
Q
contains adipose tissue and a venous plexus and is largest at the level of the second lumbar vertebra
A
Epidural space
12
Q
the dura mater extends down to the level of
A
S1-S2
13
Q
Asymmetry of the cord
A
more descending corticospinal tract fibers on the larger side.
14
Q
found at L2 and above
A
dorsal spinocerebellar tract
15
Q
cuneate tract (fasciculus) found at
A
T6 and above
16
Q
intermedio-lateral cell column and the nucleus dorsalis of Clarke
A
between C8-L2
17
Q
REXED I-IV
A
exteroceptive sensations
18
Q
V and VI
A
Proprioceptive
19
Q
relay between midbrain and cerebellum
A
VII
20
Q
modulates motor activity, most probably via gamma neurons
A
VIII
21
Q
Motor area
A
IX
22
Q
dorsomedial cell group of Onuf
A
bulbocavernosus and ischiocavernosus
23
Q
ventrolateral group of Onuf
A
external anal and urethral sphincters
24
Q
two types of gamma motor neurons
A
static and dynamic
25
interposed between the recurrent axon collateral of an alpha motor neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the same alpha motor neuron.
Renshaw cell
26
mode of inhibition of Renshaw
recurrent inhibition
27
surrounds the central canal and contains neuroglia
Lamina X
28
2 types of neurons in SC GM
principal neurons and interneurons
29
2 types of principal
root and tract neurons
30
examples of tract
dorsal nucleus of Clarke, which gives rise to the dorsal spinocerebellar tract
31
Examples of root
alpha and gamma motor neurons in the ventral (anterior) horn and the autonomic (sympathetic and parasympathetic) neurons in the intermediolateral horn and S-2 to S-4 spinal cord segments, respectively.
32
WM organization
Posterior (dorsal) funiculus
Lateral funiculus
Anterior (ventral) funiculus
33
Conscious proprioception
gracile, cuneate
34
Unconscious proprioception
Dorsal and ventral spino-cerebellar
35
level of cuneate
above T6
36
Dorsal spina-cerebellar extent
above L2
37
Spinocervical thalamic (Morin's)
Conscious proprioception
38
Pain and thermal sensations
Lateral spino-thalamic
39
Light touch
Anterior spinothalamic
40
Spinal Cord Ascending Tracts.
Gracile, Cuneate, Dorsal spina-cerebellar, Ventral spina-cerebellar, Spinocervical thalamic (Morin's), Lateral spina-thalamic. Anterior spinothalamic
41
Spinal Cord Descending Tracts
Lateral corticospinal, Anterior cortico-spinal (bundle of Türck), Tract of Barnes, Rubrospinal, Lateral vestibule-spinal, Medial vestibule-spinal, Reticulospinal, Tectospinal, Descending autonomic,Monoaminergic
42
Control of skilled movement, modulation of sensory activity
Lateral corticospinal, Anterior cortico-spinal (bundle of Türck), Tract of Barnes
43
Rubrospinal origin
contra red nucleus
44
Control of muscles that maintain upright posture and balance
Lateral vestibule-spinal
45
Medial vestibulo-spinal
Head position in association with vestibular stimulation
46
from Medullary and pontine reticular formation, bilaterally
Reticulospinal
47
Head position in association with eye movement
Tectospinal
48
from Ipsilateral hypothalamus to Anterolateral funiculus
Descending autonomic
49
Raphe nucleus, locus ceruleus, periaqueductal gray to Lateral and anterior funiculi
Monoaminergic
50
Other tract for vibration
spinocervical thalamic tract
51
conveys to the cerebellum proprioceptive impulses from receptors located in muscles, tendons, and joints
Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract
52
conveys to the cerebellum information pertaining to muscle contraction, including phase, rate, and strength of contraction.
Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract
53
tract that terminates on the rostral and caudal portions of the vermis
Dorsal Spinocerebellar Tract
54
conveys impulses almost exclusively from Golgi tendon organs via Ib afferents.
Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract
55
transmits, to the cerebellum, information related to interneuronal activity and the effectiveness of the descending pathways.
Ventral Spinocerebellar Tract
56
two other indirect pathways from the spinal cord to the cerebellum:
spino-olivo-cerebellakr pathway
| spino-reticulo-cerebellar pathway
57
Which impulses arrive sooner, direct or indirect pathways?
direct
58
accounts for the presence of kinesthesia and discriminative touch after total interruption of the posterior funiculus
spinocervical thalamic tract
59
concerned with transmission of pain and temperature sensations
Lateral Spinothalamic Tract
60
fibers conveying pain sensations are located _______ and those conveying thermal sense are located most _________
anterior, posterior
61
Other modalities for pain sensation
reticular system and a spinotectal pathway
62
gate-control theory of pain
tonic-slowly adapting-continuous flow of activity-open gates
| phasic-rapidly-fire in response to a stimulus
63
Two types of pain receptors
unimodal nociceptors responding to nociceptive stimuli and polymodal nociceptors responding to nociceptive, chemical, and mechanical stimuli.
64
Three types of spinothalamic neurons
low-threshold mechanoreceptors in laminae VI to VII,
high-threshold, nociceptive-specific nociceptors in lamina I,
and wide-dynamic-range neurons in laminae IV and V responding to both mechanoreceptor and nociceptor stimulation.
65
Substance P, excitatory or inhibitory?
excitatory
66
enkephalins are inhibitory pr excitatory
inh
67
This tract carries light touch stimuli
Anterior Spinothalamic Tract
68
80 percent of the CS tract from
primary motor cortex (Brodmann's area 4) and the premotor cortex (area 6)
69
somatotopic organization of the CST
cervical fibers are most medial, followed laterally by the thoracic, lumbar, and sacral fibers
70
uncrossed fibers remain in the anterior funiculus
anterior corticospinal tract (bundle of Türck)
71
______ percent of the corticospinal fibers remain uncrossed (Figure 3-18) in the lateral funiculus (tract of Barnes) and influence ipsilateral motor neurons
2 to 3 percent
72
_____ percent of the fiber population consists of large-caliber fibers (
3%
73
They terminate in the same laminae as the corticospinal tract and similarly facilitate flexor motor
Rubrospinal tract
74
The two tracts constitute the dorsolateral pathway for movement, in which the _____ tract initiates movement and the ______corrects errors in movement
CST, RST
75
The impulses conducted in this system facilitate extensor motor neurons that maintain upright posture.
Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract
76
They exert a facilitatory effect on flexor motor neurons. The tract plays a role in control of head position.
Medial VST
77
The pontine reticulospinal tract is located in the ______ funiculus of the spinal cord, whereas the medullary reticulospinal tract is located in the ______funiculus.
anterior, lateral
78
Descending Autonomic Pathway originate from _______ and terminate from ________
hypothalamus, anterolateral SC
79
Neuropeptides released at dorsal horn
Glutamate (main), others: substance P, somatostatin, and vasoactive intestinal peptides
80
The _______ region has more neuropeptides compared with other regions of the spinal cord
Lumbosacral
81
primary nociceptive and non-nociceptive afferents in the dorsal horn
Sub-stance P
82
The marked reduction of substance P immunoreactivity in lamina II in patients with
profound analgesia
Riley-Day syndrome
83
Stretching a muscle (by tapping its tendon) will activate the muscle spindle of the intrafusal muscle fiber (primary annulospiral endings).
MYOTATIC (STRETCH) REFLEX
84
INVERSE MYOTATIC REFLEX
Ib fibers
85
3 mechanisms for reflexes
1. length-controlling mechanism subserved by the annulospiral endings of the intrafusal fiber
2. tension-controlling mechanism subserved by the Golgi tendon organ
3. follow-up control system in which extrafusal muscle fiber length follows intrafusal muscle fiber length
86
group III nerve fibers which facilitate ipsilateral flexor motor neurons and (2) inhibition of ipsilateral extensor motor neurons
FLEXOR REFLEX
87
(1) facilitation of extensor motor neurons and (2) inhibition of flexor motor neurons
CROSSED EXTENSION REFLEX
88
The urinary bladder receives efferent innervation from three sources:
(1) sympathetic supply via the hypogastric nerve, (2) parasympathetic supply via the pelvic nerve, and (3) somatic supply via the pudendal nerve
89
Sympathetic afferents
may extend rostrally up to the fourth thoracic segment (T-4), but most are in the upper lumbar and low thoracic level
90
Parasympathetic afferent
enter the cord between S-2 and S-4
91
Somatic afferents
S2-4
92
associated with tonic activity in the sympathetic neurons and Onuf's nucleus
BLADDER filling
93
nhibition of sympathetic outflow, activation of parasympathetic outflow (contraction of detrusor muscle), and inhibition of Onuf's nucleus (relaxation of external sphincter).
Bladder emptying (micturition)
94
Descending pathways for micturition
travel in the lateral funiculus just ventral to the denticulate ligament and lateral corticospinal tract
95
the coordination of urine storage and voiding takes place in the ____
pons
96
reat difficulty emptying the bladder, because when the bladder contracts, the urethral sphincter also contracts
detrusor–sphincter dyssynergia
97
pontine micturition center
Barrington nucleus, M-region
98
mportant during the filling phase of the bladder and is called the pontine continence center.
L-region), ventral and lateral to the Barrington area,
