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Afifi 💕 > LIMBIC SYSTEM > Flashcards

LIMBIC SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

RHINENCEPHALON (SMELL BRAIN) structures

A 
Olfactory nerve rootlets
Olfactory bulb
Olfactory tract
Olfactory striae
Primary olfactory cortex
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2
Q

limbic lobe components

A

Subcallosal gyrus, inferior to the genu and rostrum of the corpus callosum, just anterior to the lamina terminalis

Cingulate gyrus

Isthmus of the cingulate gyrus, posterior and inferior to the splenium of the corpus callosum

Parahippocampal gyrus (and the underlying hippocampal formation and dentate gyrus)

Uncus

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3
Q

The limbic lobe is formed of ______(hippocampal formation and dentate gyrus),_____ (rostral parahippocampal gyrus and uncus), and ______ (cingulate gyrus).

A

archicortex

paleocortex

juxtallocortex or mesocortex

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4
Q

The circuit consisted of outflow of impulses from the hippocampus via the fornix

to the mamillary bodies of the hypothalamus;

from there, via the mamillotha-la-mic tract, to the anterior thalamic nucleus;

and, via the thalamocortical fiber system, to the cingulate gyrus, from which impulses returned to the hippocampus via the entorhinal area

A

Papez circuit

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5
Q

Parts of the hippocampus

A 
hippocampus 
dentate gyrus (fascia dentata), and subiculum
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6
Q

The ______ is the part of the parahippocampal gyrus that is in direct continuity with the hippocampus.

A

subiculum

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7
Q

Laminations of the hippocampus

A

the molecular layer,
the pyramidal cell layer,
and the stratum oriens (polymorphic layer).

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8
Q

hippocampus has been subdivided further into fields:

A

CA1: the largest hippocampal field in humans
CA2
CA3
CA4: CA4 constitutes the transition zone between the hippocampus and the dentate gyrus.

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9
Q

pyramidal neurons are highly sensitive to anoxia and ischemia in this area and because it is the trigger zone for some forms of temporal lobe epilepsy

A

Field CA1 (also known as Sommer’s sector and the vulnerable sector)

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10
Q

_______have been referred to as resistant sectors because they are less sensitive to anoxia. ________ (the Bratz sector) is also called the medium vulnerability sector because of its medium sensitivity to hypoxia.

A

CA2 and CA3

CA4

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11
Q

There are basically two types of neurons in the hippocampus:

A

the principal neurons (pyramidal cell) and the intrinsic neurons (polymorphic cell, basket cell)

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12
Q

They are the only neurons with axons which contribute to the outflow tract from the hippocampus.

A

Principal Neurons.

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13
Q

They are inhibitory (GABAergic) to pyramidal cell activity

A

intrinsic neurons

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14
Q

Layers of the dentate gyrus/ subiculum

A

molecular layer: continuous with that of the hippocampus

a granular cell layer: small, densely packed granular cells whose axons form the mossy fiber system which links the dentate gyrus and the hippocampus

and a polymorphic layer: include pyramidal and basket cells

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15
Q

The bulk of extrinsic input to the hippocampal formation comes from the:

A

entorhinal area (Brodmann’s area 28) of the parahippocampal gyrus and, to a lesser extent, the septal area

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16
Q

Fibers from the septal nuclei reach the hippocampus via the __________

A

fornix.

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17
Q

Axons of small pyramidal neurons (granule cells) in the dentate gyrus reach the hippocampus via the_______

A

mossy fiber pathway.

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18
Q

Fibers from the________originate from cell groups in the vicinity of the mamillary body and exert a strong inhibitory influence on the hippocampus.

A

hypothalamus

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19
Q

Thalamic input to the hippocampus has been shown to originate in the ________

A

anterior thalamic nucleus.

20
Q

Noradrenergic fibers from the locus ceruleus have been traced to the _________

A

hippocampus and the dentate gyrus.

21
Q

The ____________ inputs exert a modulatory effect on memory function in the hippocampus.

A

noradrenergic, serotoninergic, and dopaminergic

22
Q

The output from the hippocampal formation consists of axons of pyramidal neurons in the _________

A

hippocampus and subiculum

23
Q

The _______is a fiber bundle that reciprocally connects the hippocampal formation with a number of subcortical areas, including the thalamus, the hypothalamus, and the septal region.

A

fornix

24
Q

Stimulation and ablation of the hippocampus give rise to changes in _______

A

behavioral, endocrine, and visceral functions.

25
Q

hippocampal ablation results in

A

results in a loss of recent (60 s) memory and the inability to store newly learned facts (anterograde amnesia).

26
Q

___________memory includes episodic, semantic, and familiarity-based recognition

A

Declarative (associative)

27
Q

___________resemble almonds in shape and are located in the tip of the temporal lobe beneath the cortex of the uncus and rostral to the hippocampus and the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle.

A

amygdala

28
Q

two groups of nuclei of the amygdala

A

the corticomedial and central : OLDER, maintains connections with the phylogenetically older regions of the central nervous system, such as the olfactory bulb, hypothalamus, and brain stem.

and the basolateral: connections with the cerebral cortex

29
Q

Neurotransmitters of the amygdala

A

acetylcholine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), noradrenaline, serotonin, dopamine,substance P, and enkephalin.

30
Q

Afferent pathways of the amygdala

A
  1. cortical input from the prefrontal, temporal, occipital, and insular cortices,
    (2) the thalamus (dorsomedial nucleus),
    (3) the olfactory cortex, and
    (4) cholinergic input from the nucleus basalis of Meynart
31
Q

Output from the amygdala is conveyed via two main pathways:

A

(1) stria terminalis (dorsal amygdalofugal pathway) and (

2) ventral amygdalofugal pathway (ventrofugal bundle

32
Q

Functions of the amygdala

A
  1. AUTONOMIC EFFECTS
  2. ORIENTING RESPONSE to novel agents.
  3. EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR AND FOOD INTAKE
  4. FACIAL EXPRESSION
  5. AROUSAL RESPONSE
  6. SEXUAL ACTIVITY: Bilateral lesions of the amygdala produce hypersexuality and perverted sexual behavior.
  7. MOTOR ACTIVITY
33
Q

Lesions in the ___________of the amygdala result in aphagia, decreased emotional tone, fear, sadness, and aggression.

Lesions of the _________, by contrast, produce hyperphagia, happiness, and pleasure reactions

A

corticomedial nuclear group

basolateral nuclear group

34
Q

Stim-ulation of the ________of the amygdala is associated with fear and flight. Stimulation of the _________group produces a defensive and aggressive reaction.

A

basolateral nuclear group

corticomedial nuclear

35
Q

amygdalar stimulation differs from that elicited by hypothalamic stimulation in its ____ buildup and subsidence upon the onset and cessation of stimulation

A

gradual

36
Q

Whereas the ________participate primarily in constructing detailed perceptual representation of faces, the _______is required to link the perception of the face to the retrieval of knowledge about its emotional and social meaning.

A

extrastriate visual cortices

amygdala

37
Q

Bilateral ________damage in humans is associated with impaired recognition of facial expressions.

A

amygdalar

38
Q

Stimulation of the ________produces an arousal response that is similar to but independent of the arousal response that follows stimulation of the reticular activating system of the brain stem

A

basolateral nuclear group of the amygdala

39
Q

Stimulation of the _________ produces complex rhythmic movements related to eating, such as chewing, smacking of the lips, licking, and swallowing.

A

corticomedial nuclear group of the amygdala

40
Q

The amygdaloid projections to the hy-pothalamus via the ventral amygdalofugal pathway seem to be essential___________

A

for fear-related behavior.

41
Q

2 divisions of the septum

A

the septum pellucidum: It is made up of glia and lined by ependyma.

and the septum verum: ventral to the septum pellucidum

42
Q

________provides a site of interaction between limbic and diencephalic structures.

A

septum

43
Q

functions of the septum

A

EMOTIONAL BEHAVIOR: produce rage reactions and hyper-emotionality

WATER CONSUMPTION: concerned with water balance in response to changes in total fluid volume (lesion inc in water consumption)

ACTIVITY: high initial state of activity in response to a novel situation.

LEARNING: Animals with septal lesions tend to learn tasks quickly and perform them effectively once they have been learned.

REWARD

AUTONOMIC EFFECTS: inhibitory effect on autonomic function

44
Q

Destruction of the septal nuclei gives rise to behavioral overreaction to most environmental stimuli. Behavioral changes occur in sexual and reproductive behavior, feeding, drinking, and the rage reaction.

A

septal syndrome

45
Q

Afferent limb of the limbic system

A

The afferent limb of the loop consists of collaterals to the limbic system from the pathway connecting neocortical association cortices with the prefontal cortex.

46
Q

The efferent limb:

A

of the loop consists of projections from the limbic centers to the prefrontal association cortex

Afifi 💕 (24 decks)

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