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625: Biomechanics & Kinesiology > Spine > Flashcards

Spine Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the ligamentum flavum attach?

A

Between the anterior surface of one lamina and the posterior surface of lamina below

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2
Q

What motion does the ligamentum flavum limit?

A

flexion

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3
Q

Where do the supraspinous and interspinous ligaments attach?

A

Between adjacent spinous processes from C7 to sacrum

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4
Q

What motion do the supraspinous and interspinous ligaments limit?

A

flexion

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5
Q

Where do the intertransverse ligaments attach?

A

Between adjacent transverse processes

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6
Q

What motions does the intertransverse ligament limit?

A

Contralateral lateral flexion and forward flexion

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7
Q

Where does the ALL attach?

A

Between the basilar part of the occipital bone and along the entire length of the anterior surfaces of all vertebral bodies, including the sacrum

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8
Q

What are the 2 functions of the ALL?

A
  • Limits extension or excessive lordosis in cervical and lumbar regions.
  • Reinforces anterior sides of IVDs
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9
Q

Where does the PLL attach?

A

Throughout the length of the posterior surfaces of all vertebral bodies, between axis (C2) and sacrum

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10
Q

What are the 2 functions of the PLL?

A
  • Limits flexion

- Reinforces posterior sides of IVDs

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11
Q

Where do the capsules of the apophyseal joints attach?

A

Along the margins of each apophyseal joint

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12
Q

What is the function of the apophyseal joint capsules?

A

To strengthen the apophyseal joints

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13
Q

What are the 3 functional components of the intervertebral unction?

A

(1) transverse and spinous processes
(2) apophyseal joints
(3) an interbody joint (IVD)

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14
Q

What is the function of spinous processes and transverse processes?

A

They provide mechanical levers that increase mechanical leverage of muscles and ligaments

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15
Q

What is the main function of the apophyseal joints?

A

They guide intervertebral motion

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16
Q

Vertebral column flexion/extension occur in what plane? What about lateral flexion to the right or left? And axial rotation to the right or left?

A

Sagittal
Frontal
Horizontal

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17
Q

Horizontal facet joints favor what movement?

A

axial rotation

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18
Q

In what vertebral region are horizontal facet joints dominant?

A

cervical; this is why axial rotation is far greater in the cervical region rather than in the lumbar region

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19
Q

The layers of the annulus fibrosus are oriented about __° from the vertical

A

65°

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20
Q

How much flexion and extension occur at the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

Flexion: 5
Extension: 10

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21
Q

How much lateral flexion occurs at the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

5 degrees

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22
Q

How much flexion and extension occur at the atlanto-axial joint complex?

A

Flexion: 5
Extension: 10

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23
Q

How much axial rotation occurs at the atlanto-axial joint complex?

A

35-40 degrees

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24
Q

How much lateral flexion occurs at the atlanto-axial joint complex?

A

none

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25
Q

How much flexion and extension occur at the intracervical (C2-C7) region?

A

Flexion: 35-40
Extension: 55-60

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26
Q

How much axial rotation occurs at the intracervical (C2-C7) region?

A

30-35 degrees

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27
Q

How much lateral flexion occurs at the intracervical (C2-C7) region?

A

30-35 degrees

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28
Q

How much flexion and extension occur (total) over the craniocervical region?

A

Flexion: 45-50
Extension: 75-80

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29
Q

How much axial rotation occurs (total) over the craniocervical region?

A

65-75 degrees

30
Q

How much lateral flexion occurs (total) over the craniocervical region?

A

35-40 degrees

31
Q

Describe the arthrokinematics at the atlanto-occiptal joint, alanto-axial joint, and in the intracervical region during extension

A

Posterior roll and anterior slide at the alanto-occipital joint

Inferior tilt at alanto-axial complex

Posterior-Inferior slide in the intracervical region

32
Q

Describe the arthrokinematics at the atlanto-occiptal joint, alanto-axial joint, and in the intracervical region during flexion

A

Anterior roll and posterior slide at the alanto-occipital joint

Superior tilt at alanto-axial complex

Anterior-Superior slide in the intracervical region

33
Q

During protraction of the cranium, lower-to-mid cervical spine _____ as upper craniocervical region _____.

A

flexes

extends

34
Q

During retraction of the cranium, lower-to-mid cervical spine _____ as upper craniocervical region _____.

A

extends

flexes

35
Q

Describe the arthrokinematics at the atlanto-axial joint and in the intracervical region during right rotation

A

there is a posterior slide on the right side and anterior slide on the left side at all joints

36
Q

Describe the arthrokinematics at the atlanto-occipital joint during right lateral rotation

A

There is a roll in the same direction of the movement (right) and slide in the opposite direction (left)

37
Q

Describe the arthrokinematics in the intracervical region during right lateral rotation

A

There is a posterior-inferior slide on the right and anterior-superior slide on the left

38
Q

What is the angle of inclination of the articular facets of C2 - C7?

39
Q

What 2 motions occur simultaneously in the upper vertebrae?

A

lateral flexion and axial rotation

40
Q

With lateral flexion to the right at the mid-and-low cervical regions slight axial rotation to the ___ also occurs

A

right (ipsilateral)

41
Q

Why is this compensatory action of atlanto-axial joint important?

A

It minimizes the overall rotation of the head, which helps the eyes fixate on a stationary object during lateral flexion of neck

42
Q

How much movement occurs in the sagittal plane (flexion/extension) in the thoracic region?

A

50-65 degrees

43
Q

How much movement occurs in the sagittal plane (flexion/extension) in the lumbar region?

A

55-70 degrees

44
Q

How much movement occurs in the horizontal plane (axial rotation) in the lumbar region?

A

5-7 degrees

45
Q

How much movement occurs in the frontal plane (lateral flexion) in the lumbar region?

A

20 degrees

46
Q

Describes the arthrokinematics at the thoracic and lumbar regions during flexion

A

There is an anterior-superior slide of the facet joints

47
Q

Describes the arthrokinematics at the thoracic and lumbar regions during extension

A

There is a posterior-inferior slide of the facet joints

48
Q

Describes the arthrokinematics at the thoracic region during axial rotation

A

Slide occurs in the same direction as the movement

49
Q

Describes the arthrokinematics at the lumbar region during axial rotation

A

The ipsilateral and contralateral facet joints approximate in the lumbar region
(not much movement therefore there is no slide)

50
Q

Describes the arthrokinematics at the thoracic and lumbar regions during lateral flexion

A

Inferior slide on the ipsilateral side and superior slide on the contralateral slide

51
Q

What are the 4 components of the pelvic ring

A
  • sacrum
  • 2 SIJs
  • 3 bones of each hemipelvis (ilium, pubis, and ischium)
  • pubic symphysis joint
52
Q

What is the purpose of the pelvic ring?

A

It transfers body weight bidirectionally between the trunk and femurs

53
Q

What does the strength of the pelvic ring depend on?

A

The tight fit of the sacrum wedged between the two halves of the pelvis

54
Q

What is the keystone of the pelvic ring?

A

The sacrum

55
Q

During anterior pelvic tilt the sacrum ____ and the lumbar spine _____.

A

counternutates

extends

56
Q

During posterior pelvic tilt the sacrum ____ and the lumbar spine _____.

A

nutates

flexes

57
Q

The cancellous bone within the vertebral body has a trabecular design. Describe the orientation of this design

A

There is one vertical and two oblique lines that interweave

58
Q

What is the primary shock absorber in the lumbar spine?

A

Cancellous bone (not the IVDs)

59
Q

Describe how the cancellous bone can be a shock absorber when compressed

A

The nucleus pulposus pressurizes and causes the cartilaginous end plates of vertebrae to bulge inward, thus compressing the cancellous bone

60
Q

Which trabeculae are crucial in determining compressive strength?

A

Transverse trabeculae

61
Q

With extreme compressive loading the end plates begin to bulge into the vertebral bodies and cause what?

A

Fractures or cracks in the end plate sometimes large enough to permit liquid NP to squirt through end plate into the vertebral body

62
Q

What is a Schmorl’s node?

A

Protrusion of the cartilage of the IVDs through the vertebral body endplate and into the adjacent vertebra, however the annulus fibrosis remains intact

63
Q

A Schmorl’s node is developed how?

A

By spinal compression when spine is in neutral ROM (i.e., not flexed, bent or twisted)

64
Q

How are the posterior elements of the vertebrae damaged?

A

Repeated, cyclic full spine flexion and extension

65
Q

3 components of the IVDs

A

nucleus pulposus
annulus fibrosis
end plates

66
Q

4 conclusions about disc lesions

A
  • disc must be bent to full ROM in order to herniate
  • the mechanism of injury is fatigue
  • found more in those with sedentary occupations and sitting posture
  • occurs more often is younger spines
67
Q

Disc herniation is due to what?

A

fully flexing the spine for repeated or prolonged period of time

68
Q

What is the function of rotatores and intertransversarii muscles?

A

Vertebral position sensors at every thoracic and lumbar joint

69
Q

What are the 3 back extensors (1 group)?

A

Erector Spinae Group

 - Longissimus
 - Iliocostalis
 - Spinalis
70
Q

What are the 3 layers of the abdominal wall?

A
  • external oblique
  • internal oblique
  • transverse abdominis

625: Biomechanics & Kinesiology (15 decks)

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