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625: Biomechanics & Kinesiology > Ankle & Foot > Flashcards

Ankle & Foot Flashcards

1
Q

3 major joints of the ankle and foot

A

talocrural
subtalar
transverse tarsal

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2
Q

Which tarsal bone is of the most importance clinically?

A

talus

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3
Q

What percent of the talus’ surface is covered with articular cartilage?

A

70%

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4
Q

Most movements of the ankle move about what kind of axis?

A

oblique

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5
Q

Pronation is the combined motion of what 3 movements?

A

eversion, abduction, and dorsiflexion

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6
Q

Supination is the combined motion of what 3 movements?

A

inversion, adduction, and plantar flexion

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7
Q

The articulation of the talus with the distal end of the tibia and both malleoli is called what?

A

Talocrural joint

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8
Q

The talocrural joint is often referred to as the ____ joint

A

mortise

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9
Q

The proximal portion of the talocrural joint is con___.

A

concave

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10
Q

Approximately __% to __% of the compressive forces pass through the talus and tibia; the remaining _% to __% pass through the lateral region of the talus and the fibula

A

90-95

5-10

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11
Q

What characteristic of the talocural joint protects the subchondral bone from damaging stress?

A

The 3mm of articular cartilage that line the joint

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12
Q

3 lateral collateral ligaments

A

anterior and posterior talofibular and the calcaneofibular ligaments

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13
Q

Which lateral ligament is the most frequently injured?

A

The anterior talofibular ligament

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14
Q

During dorsiflexion at the talocrural joint the talus rolls ____ and slides _____.

A

anteriorly

posteriorly

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15
Q

During plantarflexion at the talocrural joint the talus rolls ____ and slides _____.

A

posteriorly

anteriorly

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16
Q

Is the talocrural joint more stabledully dorsiflexed or plantarflexed?

A

dorsiflexed

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17
Q

Extreme and violent dorsiflexion of the ankle can cause what?

A

Damage to the ankle mortise called a high ankle sprain

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18
Q

Which motion is most important to train/rehab in?

A

Dorsiflexion

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19
Q

Which motion is most important to restore in an injury?

A

dorsiflexion

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20
Q

The subtalar joint is an articulation between what 2 bones?

A

talus and calcaneus

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21
Q

What movements occur at the subtalar joint?

A

Pronation and supination

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22
Q

What aspect of the subtalar articulation is the most prominent?

A

The posterior articulation of the subtalar joint occupies about 70% of the total articular surface area

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23
Q

What 2 ligaments provide the most stability to the subtalar joint?

A
  • interosseous (talocalcaneal)

- cervical

24
Q

What motion do the interosseous (talocalcaneal) and cervical ligaments limit the most?

A

inversion

Although they limit the extremes of all motions

25
Q

What is the primary function of the calcaneofibular ligament at the subtalar joint?

A

Limits excessive inversion

26
Q

What is the primary function of the tibiocalcaneal fibers of the deltoid ligament at the subtalar joint?

A

Limits excessive inversion

27
Q

The subtalar axis of rotation is positioned __ degrees from the horizontal plane and __ degrees from the sagittal plane

A

42

16

28
Q

Pronation and supination of the subtalar joint occur as the _____ moves relative to the ____.

A

calcaneus

talus

29
Q

Does more movement occur at the subtalar or talocrural joint?

A

subtalar

30
Q

How much inversion and eversion occur at the subtalar joint?

A
  • inversion = 22.6 degrees

- eversion = 12.5 degrees

31
Q

Why is inversion so much greater than eversion?

A

The lateral malleolus and the relatively thick deltoid ligament naturally limit eversion

32
Q

The transverse tarsal joint consists of what 2 distinct articulations?

A
  • talonavicular joint

- calcaneocuboid joint

33
Q

What joints connect the rearfoot with the midfoot?

A

the 2 midtarsal (transverse tarsal) joints

34
Q

What is the main function of the transverse tarsal joint?

A

Works cooperatively with the subtalar joint to control most of the pronation and supination posturing of the entire foot

35
Q

What motions occur at the talonavicular joint?

A

twisting (inverting and everting) of the midfoot relative to the rearfoot

36
Q

What are the 3 components of the talonavicular joint?

A
  • Talus
  • Navicular
  • Spring Ligament
37
Q

What component of the talonavicular joint forms the floor and medial wall?

A

spring ligament

38
Q

The calcaneocuboid joint composes the ____ component of the transverse tarsal joint.

A

lateral

39
Q

What forms the calcaneocuboid joint?

A

the anterior (distal) surface of the calcaneus and the proximal surface of the cuboid

40
Q

The amount of pure inversion and eversion of the midfoot is about __ to __ degrees of inversion and __ to __ degrees of eversion

A

20 - 25

10 - 15

41
Q

Which arch of the foot is the primary load-bearing and shock absorber

A

Medial Longitudinal Arch

42
Q

What bones form the medial arch of the medial longitudinal arch?

A
  • calcaneus
  • talus
  • navicular
  • cuneiforms
  • associated three medial metatarsals
43
Q

What is the main structure that maintains the height of the medial longitudinal arch?

A

the deep plantar fascia

44
Q

What is pes planus?

A

a flattening of the arch during weight bearing activities

45
Q

What is rigid pes planus?

A

a dropped arch even in non-weight bearing positions

46
Q

Flexible pes planus is associated with dysfunction of what muscle?

A

the tibialis posterior muscle

47
Q

What is pes cavus?

A

An abnormally raised medial longitudinal arch

48
Q

Exaggerated pronation at the subtalar joint leads to what actions at the hip?

A

Internal rotation, flexion, and adduction

49
Q

Exaggerated pronation at the subtalar joint leads to what actions at the knee?

A

Increased valgus stress

50
Q

Exaggerated pronation at the subtalar joint leads to what actions at the foot?

A

Lowering of medial longitudinal arch

51
Q

What motions occur at the first tarsometatarsal joint?

A

plantar flexion occurs with slight eversion, and dorsiflexion with slight inversion

52
Q

What is Hallux Limitus

A

“turf toe”

limited motion of the great toe

53
Q

What is the most common MOI of hallux limitus?

A

forceful hyerpextension

54
Q

What is hallux valgus?

A

“bunion”

progressive lateral deviation of the great toe

55
Q

Hallux valgus is associated with excessive ____ of the first metatarsal

A

adduction

56
Q

All muscles that plantarflex the talocrural joint also ____ the subtalar or transverse tarsal joints

A

invert

57
Q

What are the 3 primary supinators of the foot?

A
  • tibialis posterior
  • flexor hallucis longus
  • flexor digitorum longus

Tom, Dick, and Harry

625: Biomechanics & Kinesiology (15 decks)

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