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625: Biomechanics & Kinesiology > Biomechanics of Bone > Flashcards

Biomechanics of Bone Flashcards

1
Q

What percent of total body weight is bones, cartilage, ligaments, & joints?

A

20%

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2
Q

Do long or short bones produce more torque?

A

Long

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3
Q

Bones increase in size from ______ to ______.

A

Superior ; Inferior

proximal to distal

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4
Q

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

A

Inside the cavities of bone

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5
Q

Cortical vs. Cancellous Bone

A

Cortical: compact, very dense, outer layer
Cancellous: spongy, very porous, inner layer

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6
Q

Example of sesamoid bone

A

Patella

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7
Q

What percent of bone is water?

A

20-30%

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8
Q

What percent of bone is minerals and collagen?

A

60-70%

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9
Q

What does Wolff’s law state?

A

In response to decreased stress osteoclasts dominate to resorb tissue.
In response to increased stress osteoblasts dominate to deposit tissue.

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10
Q

What 3 things is osteoporosis related to?

A
  • Hormonal factors (i.e. menopause)
  • Nutritional imbalances (i.e. calcium intake)
  • Lack of exercise
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11
Q

Bone is anisotropic & viscoelastic. What does this mean?

A

Anisotropic means bone response depends on direction of load application
Viscoelastic means bone response depends on rate & duration of loading

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12
Q

During the elastic response what happens when the load is removed?

A

The tissue returns to its original shape/length

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13
Q

During the plastic response what happens when the load is removed?

A

The tissue is permanently deformed

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14
Q

What does the area under the stress-strain curve represent?

A

The strength of the bone

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15
Q

5 types of loading

A

1) Compression
- Presses ends of bones together
2) Tension
- Pulls or stretches bone apart
3) Shear
- Parallel to the surface of object
4) Bending
- Applied to area having no direct support
5) Torsional
- Twisting force

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16
Q

What do you gather in the history portion of an exam? (LO DR FICARA)

A

Location
Onset (MOI)

Duration
Radiation

Frequency
Intensity
Character
Associated Signs and Symptoms
Relieving
Aggravating
17
Q

What percent of injuries to athletes are stress fractures?

A

10%

18
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Firm, flexible tissue that has no blood supply or nerves

19
Q

What nourishes cartilage?

A

Fluid within joint

20
Q

2 Functions of Cartilage

A

1) Increases joint stability

2) Distributes load in joint, which reduces contact stress

21
Q

2 Types of Cartilage

A

1) Articular

2) Fibrocartilage

22
Q

What is articular cartilage aka?

A

hyaline

23
Q

Where can you find articular cartilage?

A

joint ends at articulations

24
Q

Articular cartilage is __ - __ percent water

A

60-80

25
Q

What is articular cartilage made of?

A

collagen and proteoglycan

26
Q

2 functions fibrocartilage

A
  • Improve fit between bones

- Intermediary between hyaline cartilage and other connective tissues

27
Q

Where can you find fibrocartilage?

A
  • Intervertebral discs
  • Jaw
  • Knee
28
Q

What do ligaments consist of?

A

collagen, elastin, and reticulin

29
Q

What happens to ligaments with increased loading?

A

They become stronger and stiffer

30
Q

What is the maximum strength of ligaments related to?

A

cross-sectional area

31
Q

3 things that cause joint stability

A
  • Ligaments
  • Gravity
  • Vacuum
32
Q

Examples of Simple, Compound, and Complex Joints

A

Simple joint consists of two articulating surfaces
-The Hip for example
Compound joint consists of three or more articulating surfaces
- The Wrist for example
Complex joint consists of two surfaces with articular disc or fibrocartilage
- The Knee for example

33
Q

7 Types of Diarthrodial Joints

A
  • Hinge
  • Pivot
  • Condylar
  • Ellipsoid
  • Saddle
  • Ball and Socket
  • Plane/Gliding
34
Q

Example of a ellipsoid joint

A

Metacarpophalangeal

35
Q

What are synarthrodial or fibrous joints

A

Bones are held together by fibrous articulations, which allows for little or no movement
Example: sutures in skull

36
Q

What are amphiarthrodial or cartilaginous joints

A

Hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage holds joints together which allows for little movement
Example: Intervertebral discs

625: Biomechanics & Kinesiology (15 decks)

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