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625: Biomechanics & Kinesiology > Knee > Flashcards

Knee Flashcards

1
Q

What is the angle of the knee on its lateral side?

A

170°-175°

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2
Q

The normal alignment of the knee is referred to as genu ____

A

valgum

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3
Q

If the frontal plane angle of the knee is less than 170° it is called excessive genu ____, or “knock-knee”.

A

valgum

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4
Q

If the frontal plane angle of the knee is greater than 180° it is called genu ____, or “bow-leg”.

A

varum

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5
Q

2 joints of the knee

A

tibiofemoral joint and patellofemoral joint

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6
Q

Describe the articulation at the tibiofemoral joint

A

Articulations between large, convex femoral condyles and nearly flat, smaller tibial condyles

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7
Q

What portion of the menisci are attached to the tibia?

A

The anterior and posterior horns

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8
Q

What attaches the external edges of each meniscus to the tibia?

A

coronary (or meniscotibial) ligaments

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9
Q

The medial and lateral menisci are attached anteriorly by what ligament?

A

the slender transverse ligament

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10
Q

What muscles attach to the medial meniscus?

A
  • Quadriceps

- Semimembranosus

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11
Q

What muscles attach to the lateral meniscus?

A
  • Quadriceps
  • Semimembranosus
  • Popliteus
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12
Q

Where is blood supply to the menisci greatest?

A

near the peripheral (external) border

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13
Q

Describe the shape of the medial and lateral meniscus

A
  • Medial meniscus has oval shape

- Lateral meniscus has more circular shape

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14
Q

Complete lateral meniscectomy increases peak contact pressures at knee by __%

A

230%

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15
Q

What is the MOI for a meniscus tear?

A

forceful axial rotation of femoral condyles over partially flexed and weight-bearing knee

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16
Q

Medial meniscus injured ____ as frequently as lateral meniscus

A

twice

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17
Q

What is the MOI for a medial meniscus tear?

A

axial rotation and external valgus force applied to lateral aspect of knee

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18
Q

How many degress of freedom does the tibiofemoral joint have? What are they?

A

2

  • Flexion and extension
  • Internal and external rotation
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19
Q

Frontal plane motion at the knee occurs passively and is limited to _° - _°.

A

6° - 7°

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20
Q

From the tibial-on-femoral perspective which bone is stationary? Which is stationary from the femoral-on-tibial perspective

A

femur

tibia

21
Q

The migrating path of the ML axis of rotation for flexion and extension of the knee is called what?

A

the “evolute”

22
Q

What are the 2 biomechanical and clinical implications of the migrating ML axis of rotation?

A

1) alters the length of the internal moment arm of the flexor and extensor muscles of the knee
2) external devices that attach to knee (goniometer) rotate about a fixed axis of rotation which means they may rotate in a dissimilar arc than the leg

23
Q

From a tibial-on-femoral perspective, external rotation of the knee occurs by ____ rotation of the tibia

A

external

Motion is the same

24
Q

From a femoral-on-tibial perspective, external rotation of the knee occurs by ____ rotation of the femur

A

internal

Motion is opposite

25
Q

Generally, freedom of axial rotation _____ with greater knee flexion

A

increases

26
Q

A knee that is flexed to 90° can perform about __°-__° of total axial rotation

A

40°-45°

27
Q

_____ rotation range of motion generally exceeds _____ rotation by ratio of about 2 : 1

A

external

internal

28
Q

From a tibial-on-femoral perspective the tibia rolls ____ and slides ____ during extension

A

anteriorly
anteriorly

In the same direction as the movement

29
Q

From a femoral-on-tibial perspective the femur rolls ____ and slides ____ during extension

A

anteriorly (same direction as the movement)

posteriorly

30
Q

In order to fully extend the knee about __° of external rotation is required. What is this called?

A

10°

“Screw-Home”Rotation of Knee

31
Q

What characteristic of the medial femoral condyle helps direct tibia to its externally rotated and locked position

A

The fact that it is curved

32
Q

For a knee that is fully extended to be unlocked, the joint must first _____ rotate.

A

internally

33
Q

Which muscle internally rotates (unlocks) the knee?

A

popliteus

34
Q

Once the knee is flexed, arthrokinematics of internal and external rotation involve primarily what motion between the menisci and articular surfaces.

A

spin

35
Q

What are the functions of the MCL?

A
  1. Resists valgus (abduction)
  2. Resists knee extension
  3. Resists extremes of axial rotation (especially knee external rotation)
36
Q

What are the functions of the LCL?

A
  1. Resists varus (adduction)
  2. Resists knee extension
  3. Resists extremes of axial rotation
37
Q

What are the functions of the ACL?

A
  1. Most fibers resist extension (either excessive anterior translation of tibia, posterior translation of femur, or a combination thereof)
  2. Resists extremes of varus, valgus, and axial rotation
38
Q

What are the functions of the PCL?

A
  1. Most fibers resist knee flexion (either excessive posterior translation of tibia or anterior translation of femur, or a combination thereof)
  2. Resists extremes of varus, valgus, and axial rotation
39
Q

How do approximately 70% of ACL injuries occur?

A

through non-contact or minimal contact

40
Q

What does the Sartorius muscle do at the hip and knee?

A
  • Hip flexion, external rotation, and abduction

- Knee flexion and internal rotation

41
Q

What does the Gracilis muscle do at the hip and knee?

A
  • Hip flexion and adduction

- Knee flexion and internal rotation

42
Q

What does the quadriceps femoris muscle do at the hip and knee?

A
  • Hip flexion

- Knee extension

43
Q

What does the popliteus muscle do at the knee?

A

flexion and internal rotation

44
Q

What does the semimembranosus muscle do at the hip and knee?

A
  • Hip extension

- Knee flexion and internal rotation

45
Q

What does the semitendinosus muscle do at the hip and knee?

A
  • Hip extension

- Knee flexion and internal rotation

46
Q

What does the short head of the biceps femoris muscle do at the knee?

A

flexion and external rotation

47
Q

What does the long head of the biceps femoris muscle do at the hip and knee?

A
  • Hip extension

- Knee flexion and external rotation

48
Q

What does the gastrocnemius muscle do at the knee and ankle?

A
  • Knee flexion

- Ankle plantar flexion

49
Q

What does the plantaris muscle do at the knee and ankle?

A
  • Knee flexion

- Ankle plantar flexion

625: Biomechanics & Kinesiology (15 decks)

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