Spine

Question 1

how many bones are in the vertebral column?

Answer 1

33 irregular bones

Question 2

how many IV disks are there?

Answer 2

23

Question 3

what is the outer region of the IV disc called?

Answer 3

annulus fibrosus

Question 4

what is the inner region of the IV disc called?

Answer 4

nucleus pulposus

Question 5

how does whiplash influence Cspine?

Answer 5

causes it to flatten out

Question 6

how does pregnancy influence Lspine?

Answer 6

makes it more exaggerated

Question 7

what type of joints are the facets of the vertebrae?

Answer 7

synovial diarthrodial

Question 8

what is the role of trabecular bone in vertebrae?

Answer 8

resist compressive and shear forces (anterior side is weaker)

Question 9

what is the pars articularis?

Answer 9

posterior portion of the lamina located b/w the superior and inferior facets

Question 10

what is an intrasegmental L?

Answer 10

binds individual or adjacent vertebrae

Question 11

what is an intersegmental L?

Answer 11

binds together a number of vertebrae into a unit

Question 12

what do the anterior and posterior longitudinal L surround?

Answer 12

the body of the vertebrae

Question 13

where is the ligamentum flavum?

Answer 13

connects the vertebrae at the posterior aspect of the foramen

Question 14

what is the role of the anterior long L?

Answer 14

prevents hyperextension

twice as strong as the posterior

Question 15

when is the posterior long L stretched?

Answer 15

flexion

Question 16

when is ligamentum flavum stretched?

Answer 16

flexion

Question 17

what are relatively weak ligaments that are stretched in flexion?

Answer 17

interspinous L

Question 18

what is the ligamentum nuchae?

Answer 18

supraspinous ligament in the cervial region

stretched in flexion

Question 19

which would be the first ligament to fail in hyperflexion?

Answer 19

supraspinous L

Question 20

where are the intertransverse L?

Answer 20

in between transverse processes

stretch with lateral bending

Question 21

which type of joints are the apophyseal jts?

Answer 21

plane

Question 22

which section of spine has the greatest amt of movement?

Answer 22

cervical

Question 23

what type of joint is the atlantoaxial jt?

Answer 23

pivot joint

Question 24

what is lumbar extension?

Answer 24

anterior pelvic tilt (tummy forward)

Question 25

what is lumbar flexion?

Answer 25

posterior pelvic tilt (abs to the spine)

Question 26

what happens to the trunk flexors in pregnancy?

Answer 26

diastasis recti abdominis gets weak and opens up

Question 27

what is the most lateral trunk extensor?

Answer 27

iliocostalis

Question 28

what is the middle trunk extensor?

Answer 28

longissimus

Question 29

what is the most medial trunk extensor?

Answer 29

spinalis

Question 30

which are the deepest muscles that work on individual vertebrae?

Answer 30

``` rotatores interspinales intertransversarii semispinalis (cervical) mulifidus (cervical) ```

Question 31

how do you get left rotation?

Answer 31

contract LEFT internal oblique and RIGHT external oblique (run in the same direction)

Question 32

how do you get right rotation?

Answer 32

contract RIGHT internal oblique and LEFT external oblique

Question 33

what does the quadratus lumborum do?

Answer 33

hip hicker

Question 34

where is the center of gravity?

Answer 34

2nd sacral vertebrae

Question 35

how much muscle contraction is required for maintaining erect posture?

Answer 35

very little

Question 36

where does optimal LOG fall?

Answer 36

``` anterior to lateral malleolus anterior to midline of the knee (post to patella) through the greater trochanter anterior to sacroiliac joint midline of trunk (posterior to axis of rotation of cervical and lumbar spine) through the body of L5 through dens of axis through EAM posterior to coronal suture ```