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Principles (1.4) > Spinal Neurology > Flashcards

Spinal Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

Cell body of a neuron

A

Soma

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2
Q

Extends from the body of a neuron. Receives signal information from the local environment. Associated with receptors that are designed to sense specific stimuli or react to specific chemical transmitters.

A

Dendrite

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3
Q

Signals which travel as action potentials are generated here.

A

Axon

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4
Q

Summation of signals received from dendrites, which can either be stimulatory or inhibitory.

A

Action Potential

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5
Q

When the Action Potential reaches the end of the axon it causes the release of a _____.

A

Neurotransmitter

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6
Q

Action potentials speed are based on what two factors?

A

Diameter & Degree of Myelination

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7
Q

Produces myelin in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes

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8
Q

Demyelinization of the CNS

A

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

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9
Q

Insulate nerve fibers

Produces myelin in the PNS

A

Schwann Cells

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10
Q

Demyelinization of the PNS

A

Guillain-Barre

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11
Q

Cell bodies are located in the _____.

A

DRG

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12
Q

Each DRG neuron contains a peripheral process, which extends to the periphery along the path taken by the spinal nerve and it’s branches, and a central process, which extends into the CNS as the _____ of the spinal nerve.

A

Dorsal Root

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13
Q

Sensory neurons for touch, hearing

A

Mechanoreceptors

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14
Q

Sensory neurons for temperature

A

Thermoreceptors

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15
Q

Sensory neurons for pain

A

Nocioceptors

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16
Q

Sensory neurons for smell, taste

A

Chemoreceptors

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17
Q

Sensory neurons for vision

A

Electromagnetic

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18
Q

These afferent neurons innervate and activate skeletal muscle fibers through the Myoneural junction.
Large diameter, Fast Conducting
Acetylcholine (NT)
Found in the Muscle Spindles & supply proprioceptive information regarding “Rate of Change”

A

Alpha Motor Neurons (1A)

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19
Q

These efferent neurons innervate muscle spindles & establish a set point for muscle tone

A

Gamma Motor Neurons (A gamma)

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20
Q

Touch Pressure Receptor Afferent neurons
Detect tension on tendon or joint
Sensory for joint position sense, vibration sense, and two-point discrimination
Found in Golgi Tendon Organ

A

A beta Neurons (1B)

21
Q

Type of nerve fiber that detects Fast Pain (pressure pain)

ie: Pinch

A

A delta (III)

22
Q

Preganglionic Autonomic Efferent neurons

White Rami Communicantes

A

B nerve fibers

23
Q

Type of nerve fiber that detects Slow Pain
Temperature Afferent
Postganglionic Autonomic Efferent
Gray Rami Communicantes

A

C nerve fibers

24
Q

Un-myelinated pain fibers
Small diameter
Slow conductivity
Substance P is NT

A

C nerve fibers (IV)

25
Q

What is the most important function of the Autonomic Nervous System?

A

Regulate Blood Flow

26
Q

What is the location of the Sympathetics; what is it’s response; and what is the NT?

A

T1 - L2: Lateral Horn of the spinal cord
Fight or Flight response
Adrenergic (Epinephrine)

27
Q

What is the location of the Parasympathetics; what is it’s response; and what is the NT?

A

Cranio-sacral division: CN III, VII, IX, X & Sacral Nerves 2-4
“Rest & Digest” - urination, defecation, eating & sex
Cholinergic (Acetylcholine)

28
Q

What body responses are seen with sympathetic response?

A
  • Skin Vasoconstriction
  • Increased sudomotor activity
  • Pupil Dilation
  • Bronchodilation
  • Tachycardia
  • Blood to large muscles
  • Pilomotor response
29
Q

What body responses are seen with parasympathetic response?

A
  • Increased peristalsis
  • Increased smooth muscle activity
  • Depressed respiration
  • Pupil constriction
  • Bradycardia
  • Bowel & Bladder active
  • Stimulation of secretions
30
Q

If sympathetics are stimulated/facilitated:

A

Sympathicotonia

31
Q

If parasympathetics are stimulated/facilitated:

A

Parasympathicotonia / Vagotonia

32
Q

If sympathetics or parasympathetics are inhibited:

A

Atonia

33
Q

Motor tracts/Descending Tracts:

Proximal muscle flexors of UE

A

Rubrospinal

34
Q

Motor tracts/Descending Tracts:
Extensor muscles of back and arms, except any back muscle innervated by a plexus (ie: Dorsal scapular, Rhomboids, Levator Scapula, Thoracodorsal, Latissimus dorsi)

A

Reticulospinal

35
Q

Motor tracts/Descending Tracts:

Neck muscles & reflex to light

A

Tectospinal

36
Q

Motor tracts/Descending Tracts:
from Cerebellum & Vestibular Nuclei
Extensor muscles of back & legs

A

Vestibulospinal

37
Q

Motor tracts/Descending Tracts:

for Flexors of distal extremities (hands and feet)

A

Corticospinal

38
Q

Reflex to light

A

Superior Colliculus (Tectospinal)

39
Q

Reflex to sound

A

Inferior Colliculus (Tectospinal)

40
Q

Lateral Spinothalamic tract detects…

A

Pain & Temperature

41
Q

Ventral Spinothalamic tract detects…

A

Crude touch & pressure

42
Q

What tract carries conscious proprioception (vibration, joint position sense, and 2-point discrimination)

A

Dorsal Columns Medial Lemniscus (DCML)

43
Q

What are the receptors in the DCML for:

  • Touch?
  • Vibration?
  • Joint position sense?
A

Touch - Meissner’s / Merkel’s
Vibration - Pacinian
Joint Position Sense - Ruffini

44
Q

What tract carries unconscious proprioception

A

Spinocerebellar pathways

45
Q

Spinocerebellar pathways detect what?

A

Stretch - Muscle Spindle - type 1a fibers

Tension - Golgi Tendon - type 1b fibers

46
Q

Goals of the Adjustment:

  • Stimulate the 1b Golgi Tendons & postsynaptic inhibition of the alpha motor neurons which innervate skeletal muscle due to the fast stretch on the tendon.
  • Close the pain gate by sending a proprioceptive message to the CNS on large type A fibers
  • Increase mechanoreceptor bombardment thereby closing the pain gate
  • Break up adhesions
  • Increase mobility/motion
  • Improve neurological function
A

FYI

47
Q

MERIC CHART:

Global functions systemic effect

A

C1

48
Q

MERIC CHART:

  • Tonsils
  • Heart & Lung
  • Gallbladder
  • Stomach
  • Liver, Pancreas, Gallbladder
  • Kidney
  • Ovary, Colon (sympathetically driven)
  • Colon, Uterus (parasympathetically driven)
A 
Tonsils: C2/3
Heart & Lung: T1-T4
Gallbladder: T4
Stomach: T5-T9
Liver, Pancreas, Gallbladder: T6-T10
Kidney: T10-T12
Ovary, Colon: L1-L2
Colon, Uterus: Sacrum

Principles (1.4) (7 decks)

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