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Principles (1.4) > Chiropractic Theories > Flashcards

Chiropractic Theories Flashcards

1
Q

A basic chiropractic hypothesis holds that abnormal spinal biomechanics and muscle dysfunction have effects, via the nervous system, throughout the body and that the chiropractic adjustment is applied not only to restore ROM and alignment, but also to cause or relieve reflex effects in the nervous system.

  • Reflexes are simple neuronal loops in which a stimulus and response occur as the result of a direct sensorimotor hookup.
  • All reflex arcs must involve the spinal cord
  • A reflex arc is where sensory meets motor
A

Neurological Reflex Model

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of reflexes based on the contributions of somatic and autonomic nerves to the efferent and afferent pathways of reflexes?

A
  1. Somatosomatic
  2. Viscerovisceral
  3. Somatovisceral
  4. Viscerosomatic
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3
Q

Reflexes whose afferents and efferents are somatic nerve fibers; stimulus at one level of the musculoskeletal system produces reflex activity in the nervous system, which is then exhibited elsewhere in the musculoskeletal system.
Ex: Knee-jerk reflex

A

Somatosomatic

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4
Q

Reflexes whose afferents and efferents are visceral sensory and autonomic nerve fibers.

A

Viscerovisceral

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5
Q

Reflexes whose afferents are somatic sensory fibers and whose efferents are autonomic motor fibers.
A stimulus to nerves or receptors related to spinal structures produces reflexive responses influencing function in the visceral organs.
Ex: Spinal adjusting may be effective for relieving pain and distress of primary dysmenorrhea

A

Somatovisceral (Somatoautonomic)

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6
Q

Reflexes whose afferents are visceral sensory fibers and whose efferents are somatic motor fibers.
Respiratory or digestive dysfunction such as Asthma or Colic may cause reflex disturbances in the spine leading to muscle tension and joint subluxation.

A

Viscerosomatic

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7
Q

Somatic refers to _____.

A

Skin, Bone, Muscle, Nerve

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8
Q

Visceral (autonomic) refer to _____.

A

Organs, Blood, Lymph

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9
Q

Psycho refers to _____.

A

Thoughts

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10
Q

Theory that states that within the substantia gelatinosa (lamina II of the gray matter), several factors are able to block or facilitate the transmission of pain-producing impulses to the thalamus.

A

“GATE” Control Theory of Pain

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11
Q

The degree in which the “GATE” is open or closed depends on the _____.

A

Spinal Cord

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12
Q

With the “GATE” theory, signals traveling on fast, type 1A (A alpha) afferent fibers greatly _____ pain transmission which travel on type C (IV) fibers.

A

Depress or Inhibit

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13
Q

“GATE” Theory:
Pain fibers terminate at the _____ of the spinal cord in the substantia gelatinosa. Here, second order mechanoreceptor axons terminate causing _____.

A

Dorsal Horn

Presynaptic Inhibition

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14
Q

The subclavian arteries become the vertebral arteries which then join to become the basilar artery.
The vertebral arteries provide a large portion of the blood supply to the cranium and are the major blood supply to the _____.

A

Brain Stem

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15
Q

This hypothesis/theory states that cervical intervertebral subluxations may cause deflection or compression of the vertebral arteries, thereby altering cerebral circulation.

A

Vascular Insufficiency Model

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16
Q

What are the symptoms of VBAI?

A

5D’s, 3N’s, 1A:
Diplopia, Dizziness, Drop Attacks, Dysarthria, Dysphagia
Nausea, Numbness, Nystagmus
Ataxic gait

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17
Q

What is the MC location for compression of the vertebral artery?

A

Over the Posterior Arch of C1

18
Q

What motion causes the most compression to the vertebral artery?

A

Rotation & Extension of C1 and C2

19
Q

From the beginning of chiropractic profession (DD Palmer), the theory is that nerves can become compressed through impingement from inter-segmental spinal biomechanical derangements.
What hypothesis states that intervertebral subluxations may interfere with the normal transmission of nerve energy (ie: action potentials and other associated neural phenomena) by irritating or compressing the spinal nerve roots?

A

Nerve Compression Theory

20
Q

What is the emphasis of the Nerve Compression Theory?

A

The importance of the IVF and its anatomic contents - the spinal nerve, nerve roots, recurrent meningeal nerves, blood vessels, lymphatics, and connective tissue.

21
Q

Degenerative changes in the bony structures in the IVF predispose nerve roots to compression. Bone on a nerve (nerve pressure) will cause the following effects: …

A
  • Decreased sensation
  • Pain in dermatomal patterns
  • Decreased DTR’s
  • Decreased conductivity
  • Muscle Atrophy
    (2-5% of subluxations exhibit all these characteristics)
22
Q

Why are nerve roots more mechanically predisposed to irritation or compression than peripheral nerves?

A

Nerve roots are placed in tension by traction on peripheral nerves such as head and neck movements. Nerve roots (endoneurium) do not have the strong connective tissue sheaths that support peripheral nerves (epineurium and perineurium) thus nerve roots fail before peripheral nerves when nerve roots are tested under increasing tension.

23
Q

A non-impulse component of neural function proposed to be affected by vertebral subluxation is _____.

A

Axonal Aberration-Trophic Models

24
Q

This component is a non-impulse mechanism based not on transmission of signals along the surface of the neuron but rather on the intra-axonal transport and exchance of macromolecular materials.
Chemicals transported by this process are collectively known as _____ (relating to growth) substances and have been found to be essential for the maintenance of proper tissue function

A

Trophic

25
Q

Trophic function influences the development and maintenance of chemical changes in cells supplied by the nerve. These chemicals are carried to the full length of the axon to the terminals, after which materials from the terminals are returned to the cell body for reprocessing. This is termed _____.

A

Axoplasmic Transport

26
Q

The mechanism by which the nerve is provided nutrition through the flow of proteins and other materials by way of sliding filaments (similar to actin and myosin cross-bridges). There are fast, slow and bulk mechanisms that transmit proteins, glycoproteins, and neurotransmitters in both directions along the nerve fiber. The slower kind is called _____.

A

Axoplasmic Flow

27
Q

The way in which substances are carried to and from the nerve cell body.

A

Axoplasmic Transport

28
Q

Which type of Axoplasmic Transport?

  • Forward moving cell body to terminal
  • Nerve growth (trophic)
  • Faster
  • More Common
A

Antegrade

29
Q

Which type of Axoplasmic Transport?

  • Backward moving from terminal to cell body
  • Brings products/wastes to cell body
  • Slower
  • Less Common
A

Retrograde (Axoplasmic Flow)

30
Q

Any factor causing derangement of transport mechanisms in the axon could cause trophic influences to become detrimental. The alteration would produce aberrations of structure, function and metabolism thereby contributing to dysfunction and disease.

A

Clinical implications of axoplasmic transport

31
Q

The theory that the destruction of spinal cord tissue is caused by pressure from neoplasms, hematomas, congenital defects and extreme trauma.
This was the hypothesis BJ Palmer utilized to explain his HIO technique. He believed that the C1-C2 was the most important area of the spine because according to BJ, misalignments of the associated cervical vertebrae would affect any and all functions of the body.

A

Cord Compression Theory

Compressive Myelopathy

32
Q

Segmental facilitation is defined as a lowered threshold for firing in a spinal cord segment, as a result of afferent bombardment associated with spinal lesions.

A

Facilitation Hypothesis
aka Fixation Theory, Segmental Facilitation, Segmental Hypothesis, Gamma Motor gain, Proprioceptive insult, Sympatheticotonia

33
Q

Who developed the first model to explain the neurological effects of segmental dysfunction. His model describes segmental dysfunction resulting in a sustained hyperactivity of a segment caused by a muscle spindle activity. He focused on the muscle spindle as the coordinator that may increase or decrease muscle contraction according to the direction of motion of the joint. The neurological implications of this model suggest that segmental dysfunction creates pathological somatic and visceral processes.

A

Korr

34
Q

Korr’s model explains that a vertebra is “stuck” in a normal or abnormal position, but always within a _____ ROM due to a muscle spasm producing hypomobility and nociception.

A

Normal

35
Q

Continuous firing of nociception that makes it easier to get to the brain

A

Facilitation

36
Q

The constant bombardment of nociception lowers the threshold for firing in this segment.

A

Proprioceptive insult

37
Q

Theory that states that exposure to stress can cause “diseases of adaptation”. This entire theory is based on the idea that under optimum conditions that body can respond to various stressors by adaption to them.

A

General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

38
Q

Who theorized the GAS theory?

A

Selye

39
Q

What are the stage of adaptation?

A

Alarm, Resist, Adapt, Exhaust

40
Q

Scientists and chiropractors now know that pathways exist which verify that the nervous system participates in the response to stress and may therefore be a factor in any of the so-called “diseases of adaptation”. Response to stress is coordinated by a _____ mechanism.

A

Neuroendocrine

Principles (1.4) (7 decks)

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