Definitions Flashcards
Sensory impulses from the periphery to the posterior horn of the spinal cord
Afferent
The perception of pain from a normally non-painful stimulus
Allodynia
Pathological fusion of bones across a joint
Ankylosis
Made up of any two vertebral bodies & an intervertebral disc; weight bearing
Anterior Motion Segment
Type II nerve injury
Physical disruption of the axon with Wallerian degeneration results in temporary paralysis and sensory changes.
Intact sheath of Schwann allows recovery in weeks to months.
Partial reaction of degeneration.
Axonotmesis
Released from damaged muscle tissue; inflammatory process and sensitizes nociceptors
Bradykinin
Small, slow, non-myelinated nerves carrying pain sensation; nociceptors
C fibers
An increase in strain of a material that occurs during constant stress from loading.
It is a deformation of a viscoelastic tissue to a constant, steadily applied load.
In the body, the structure may or may not return to its original length or shape.
Creep
Innervate the skin and intrinsic muscles of the back
Dorsal rami
Seen in nerve root compression; pain pattern follows course of a dermatome; sharp or burning pain; radicular pain.
Dermatogenous Pain Pattern
Motor impulses from the Anterior Horn of the spinal cord to the periphery.
Efferent
The tendency of tissue under load to return to its original size and shape after removal of the load.
Rubber bands and ligaments are examples
Elasticity
Connective tissue that surrounds individual nerve fibers
Endoneurium
Connective tissue that surrounds entire nerve and its major branches
Epineurium
Responsible for direction of motion (directional guidance)
Facets
Increase in afferent stimuli causes a decreased threshold for firing.
Continued stimulation result in hyperactive responses
Facilitation
Receptors located at the end of muscle that detect muscle tension.
Inhibits muscle contraction when stimulated
Golgi Tendon organ
Treats patients with heavily diluted preparations (primarily from plant and mineral sources) which are thought to cause effects similar to the symptoms presented.
Homeopathy
Presence of excess blood in the vessels supplying a particular region of the body hyperactive responses
(Hypersympathicotonia)
Hyperemia
An effect of constant loading and unloading of a tissue.
This repetition may cause the elastic limit to be exceeded.
In the body it can be thought of as overuse (leaning forward)
Hysteresis
Intra-articular synovial tabs; may prevent a joint from having full mobility
Meniscoid
Functional unit of the spine consisting of two vertebral bodies, the disc in between those bodies, the articular facets, as well as the ligaments binding the two vertebrae to one another.
Motion Segment
What makes up the Anterior & Posterior Motion Segments in the spine?
Anterior: VB’s & Disc
Posterior: Articular Facets
A receptor that is sensitive to the length (stretch) of intrafusal fibers.
Muscle Spindle
Type I nerve injury
A local nerve conduction block (nerve pressure or blunt trauma) with no physical disruption of the axon results in transient paralysis, slight sensory changes, and no reaction of degeneration.
Recovery is usually in hours to days.
Neurapraxia
Type III nerve injury
The most serious degree of nerve injury
It involves the disruption of the nerve and the sheath
Full reaction of degeneration with no recovery possible
Neurotmesis
Sensory receptors sensitive to pain
Nociceptor
Focus was on the “Rule of the Artery” and the use of nonspecific manipulation to enhance the flow of blood
Osteopathy
Connective tissue that surrounds smaller bundles of nerve fibers
Perineurium
The property of a material that instantly deforms when a load is applied and does not return to its original shape when the load is removed
(ex: Bone)
Plasticity
Articular facets; responsible for the directional guidance; mechanoreceptors and nociceptors surround this
Posterior Motion Segment
Receptors in muscles, tendons and joints that detect position and motion of the body, facets, or SI joint
Pain is dull in nature
Poorly localized
Sclerotogenous Pain Pattern
Recurrent branches of the primary dorsal rami of the spinal nerves that innervate the fascia, ligaments, periosteum, intervertebral joints & intervertebral disc of the vertebrae.
Sinu-Vertebral Nerve
aka Recurrent Meningeal Nerve
Sinu-Vertebral (Recurrent Meningeal Nerve) goes to the PLL, Ligamentum Flava, Anterior Dura, but NOT to the _____.
ALL
Essentially refers to skin, bone, nerve & muscle.
Soma (Somatic)
Related to growth and nutrition
Trophic
Run through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae (beginning at C6)
Vertebral arteries
Obstruction of the transverse foramina in cervical spine may lead to _____.
Vertebral Artery Insufficiency
Innervate the skin and muscles of the trunk and limbs
Ventral rami
Essentially refers to autonomic organs, blood, and lymph vessels
Viscera (Visceral)
The principle that maintains the laws of physics and chemistry cannot explain the nature of life.
Vitalism
LAW:
Bone is shaped by the forces placed on it or the lack of force as in immobilization
Wolff’s Law
LAW:
The trunk of a nerve sends branches to a particular muscle, the joint moved by the muscle, and the skin overlying the insertion of the muscle. Altered nerve activity to a muscle may be associated with altered nerve activity to the segmentally related spinal joints.
Hilton’s Law
LAW:
Increased epiphyseal pressure leads to decreased growth and vice versa
(ie: Scheuermann’s Disease)
Heuter-Volkman’s Law
LAW:
Anterior horn of the cord is motor while Posterior horn is sensory.
Bell-Magendie Law
The sensation perceived by the examiner during passive ROM of a joint.
End Feel
The normal resistance felt when joint motion is restricted by soft tissue (elbow flexion).
Soft Tissue Approximation
An abrupt halt as two hard surfaces meet. Full ROM has been achieved (elbow extension).
Bony
Guarded, resisted by muscular contraction. Should feel muscle reaction. End feel cannot be asserted because of pain or guarding. Possible contraindication to adjusting (torticollis).
Spasm
Perceived as a hard arrest with a slight give. May indicate a sub-acute to chronic arthritis (RA)
Capsular Feel
Slight “rebound” at the end of ROM may suggest an internal derangement of the joint as in a meniscus teat (+ bounce home test)
Springy Block
Pain is felt by the patient before full ROM is achieved. Suggests possible pathology (bursitis, abscess, neoplasm)
Empty Feel
A secondary fixation due to chronic involuntary hypertonicity of muscles. Palpates as deep, taut, and tender fibers. Exhibits restricted mobility and a rubbery end block (acute torticollis).
Muscular
A chronically fixated segment may lead to ligamentous shortening. Palpates as an abrupt hard block with no end play with normal ROM (chronic whiplash).
Ligamentous
A major fixation due to intra-articular adhesion. The joint has no end movement and is painful when challenged. May become ankylosed (frozen shoulder).
Articular/Capsular
Fixation due to exostosis. The joint exhibits free motion up to a point where there is an abrupt, complete, hard arrest (advanced DJD).
Bony
