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Systemic Anatomy Unit 2 > Spinal Cord and Nerves > Flashcards

Spinal Cord and Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

The spinal cord contains what?

A

Neural circuits

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2
Q

What does the spinal cord do?

A

Controls some of the quickest reactions to environmental changes.

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3
Q

The site for integration of neuronal stimulation is where?

A

Spinal Cord

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4
Q

What does the spinal cord relay?

A

Sensory nerve impulses

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5
Q

What is the outer layer of meninges?

A

Dura Mater

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6
Q

Where is outer layer of the meninges located?

A

Epidural space

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7
Q

What is the middle layer of the meninges?

A

Arachnoid Mater

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8
Q

Where is the middle layer of the meninges located?

A

Subarachnoid space with cerebrospinal fluid.

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9
Q

What is the inner layer of meninges?

A

Pia mater

Delicate

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10
Q

Where is the inner layer of the meninges located?

A

Coccygeal and Denticulate ligaments.

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11
Q

What are meninges?

A

Connective tissue coverings that encircle the spinal cord and brain.

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12
Q

What is outer layer of meninges composed of?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue.

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13
Q

What is the middle layer of meninges composed of?

A

It’s an avascular covering composed of delicate collagen fibers and some elastic fibers.

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14
Q

What is the layer between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater?

A

Subdural space

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15
Q

What are denticulate ligaments?

A

Thickenings of the Pia mater suspend the spinal cord in the middle of the dural sheath.

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16
Q

What shape is the spinal cord?

A

Oval

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17
Q

Where does the spinal cord extend from?

A

The medulla oblongata to the superior border of the second lumbar vertebra.

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18
Q

What is the length of the adult spinal cord?

A

42-45 cm

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19
Q

What are the two conspicuous enlargements in the spinal cord?

A

Cervical enlargement

Lumbar enlargement

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20
Q

What is the tapering end of the spinal cord inferior to the lumbar enlargement called?

A

Conus Medullaris

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21
Q

Where does the tapering end of the spinal cord end?

A

Ends at the level of the intervertebral disc between the first and second lumbar vertebrae.

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22
Q

What is the extension of the Pia mater?

A

Filum Terminale

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23
Q

What does the film terminals fuse with?

A

Arachnoid mater and dura mater, anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx.

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24
Q

What are spinal nerves?

A

Paths of communication between the spinal cord and specific regions of the body.

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25
Q

What does each pair of spinal nerves have?

A

Spinal segment

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26
Q

How many pairs of cervical nerves are there?

A

8

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27
Q

How many pairs of sacral nerves are there?

A

5

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28
Q

How many pairs of coccygeal nerves are there?

A

1

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29
Q

What connects the spinal nerve to the segment of the cord?

A

Rootlets

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30
Q

The posterior (dorsal) root conduct nerve impulses for what?

A

Sensory receptors in the skin, muscles, and internal organs into the central nervous system.

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31
Q

The anterior (ventral) root contains neurons for what?

A

Motor neurons, which conduct nerve impulses from the CNS to effectors (muscles and glands)

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32
Q

What contains the cell bodies of sensory neurons?

A

Posterior (dorsal) root ganglion

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33
Q

What is formed by roots of the lumbar, sacral and coccygeal nerves around the film terminale?

A

Cauda Equina

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34
Q

What is the outer layer of the spinal cord?

A

White Matter

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35
Q

What is the inner layer of the spinal cord?

A

Gray Matter

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36
Q

What does white matter consist of?

A

Myelinated axons of neurons

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37
Q

What are the three regions of the white matter?

A

Anterior White columns
Posterior White columns
Lateral White columns

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38
Q

What are tracts?

A

Bundle of axons, which may extend long distances up or down the spinal cord.

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39
Q

What direction do sensory tracts go?

A

Conduct nerve impulses toward the brain

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40
Q

What direction do motor tracts go?

A

Carry nerve impulses from the brain to the target tissue.

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41
Q

What is gray matter shaped as?

A

An H or butterfly in the center of the spinal cord.

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42
Q

What does gray matter consist of?

A

Dendrites and cell bodies of neurons, unmyelinated axons, and neuroglia.

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43
Q

What forms the crossbar of the H?

A

Gray Commissure

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44
Q

What is the central canal filled with?

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

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45
Q

What is the central canal continuous with at the superior end?

A

The fourth ventricle in the medulla oblongata

46
Q

What receives input from receptors via sensory neurons?

A

Sensory nuclei

47
Q

What provides output to effector tissues via motor neurons?

A

Motor Nuclei

48
Q

What connects the white matter of the right and left sides of the spinal cord?

A

Anterior White Commissure

49
Q

What is gray matter subdivided into?

A

Horns

50
Q

What horn contains cell bodies and axons of interneurons and neurons of incoming sensory neurons?

A

Posterior Gray Horn

51
Q

What contains the somatic motor nuclei and provides impulses for contraction of skeletal muscle?

A

Anterior Gray Horn

52
Q

What lateral gray horns contain what?

A

The Sympathetic motor nuclei. Only in the thoracic and upper lumbar segments.

53
Q

The spinal nerve is a ______ _______.

A

Mixed Nerve

54
Q

Endoneurium is wrapped around…..

A

individual axons within a nerve, whether myelinated or unmyelinated.

55
Q

Perineurium is wrapped around……

A

wrapped groups of axons with their endometrium in bundles.

56
Q

What are the bundles of neurons called?

A

Fascicles

57
Q

What is the outermost covering over the entire nerve called?

A

Epineurium

58
Q

What ramus supplies muscles and skin of the back?

A

Posterior ramus

59
Q

What does anterior ramus supply?

A

Supplies the muscles and structures of the upper and lower limbs and the skin of the lateral and anterior surfaces of the trunk.

60
Q

What supplies the structures within the cavity?

A

Meningeal branch

61
Q

The Rami Communicants is a component of what?

A

The autonomic nervous system

62
Q

The white ramus, contains _________, sympathetic preganglionic axons.

A

Myelinated

63
Q

The gray ramus, contains ___________, sympathetic postganglionic axons.

A

Unmyelinated

64
Q

What are plexuses formed by?

A

The anterior rami of spinal nerves

Except for thoracic nerves T2-T12.

65
Q

Name the principle plexuses

A

Cervical plexus
Brachial plexus
Lumbar plexus
Sacral plexus

66
Q

The cervical plexus is formed by nerves from where?

A

The anterior rami of the first four cervical nerves.

67
Q

What does the cervical plexus supply?

A

The skin and muscles of the head, neck and superior part of the shoulders and chest.

68
Q

Lesser Occipital nerve C2

A

Skin of the scalp posterior and superior to the ear

69
Q

Great auricular nerve (C2 and C3)

A

Skin Anterior, inferior and over ear, and over parotid glands.

70
Q

Transverse cervical (C2-C3)

A

Skin over anterior and lateral aspect of neck

71
Q

Supraclavicular (C3-C4)

A

Skin over superior portion of chest and shoulder

72
Q

What arises from the cervical plexus?

A

Phrenic nerves

73
Q

What do the phrenic nerves supply?

A

Motor fibers to the diaphragm.

74
Q

The brachial plexus is formed from nerves from where?

A

C5-C8 and T-1

75
Q

What does the brachial plexus divide into?

A 
Roots
Trunks
Divisions
Cords
Branches
76
Q

Axillary nerve

A

Supplies the deltoid and trees minor muscles

77
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve

A

Supplies the anterior muscles of the arm

78
Q

Radial Nerve

A

Supplies the muscles on the posterior aspect of the arm and forearm.

79
Q

Median Nerve

A

Supplies most of the muscles of the anterior forearm and some of the muscles of the hand.

80
Q

Ulnar nerve

A

Supplies the anteromedial muscles of the forearm and most of the muscles of the hand.

81
Q

Where does the Lumbar plexus originate from?

A

L1-L4

82
Q

What does the lumbar plexus supply?

A

The anterolateral abdominal wall, external genitals, and part of the lower limb.

83
Q

Femoral Nerve

A

Supplies flexor muscles of hip join and extensor muscles of knee joint, skin over anterior and medial aspect of thigh and medial side of leg and foot.

84
Q

Obturator Nerve

A

Adductor muscles of hip joint; skin over medial spect of thigh.

85
Q

The Sacral plexus is formed by anterior rami from what spinal nerves?

A

L4-L5, and S1-S4.

86
Q

What does the sacral plexus supply?

A

Butt, perineum and lower limbs

87
Q

What is the largest nerve in the body?

A

Sciatic nerve

88
Q

Where does sciatic nerve split?

A

Level of the knee into tibial and common fibular nerves.

89
Q

What is the coccygeal plexus formed by?

A

S4-S5, and coccygeal nerves

90
Q

The compression or irritation of the sciatic nerve is referred to as?

A

Sciatica

91
Q

What are dermatomes?

A

Areas of the skin that provides sensory input to the CNS via one pair of spinal nerves.

92
Q

Sensory input travels along the _________ _______ ______, towards the brain.

A

White matter tracts

93
Q

What area of the spinal cord receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information?

A

Gray Matter

94
Q

Ascending tracts convey _________ sensation from spinal cord to the brain.

A

Sensory

95
Q

What conducts cutaneous sensation from receptors to the brain and spinal cord?

A

1st dorsal root ganglia

96
Q

What transmits impulses to the thalamus and cerebellum?

A

2nd in the dorsal horn of spinal cord or in medullary nuclei

97
Q

What conducts impulses to sensory cortex of the cerebrum cortes or cerebellum?

A

3rd in Thalamus

98
Q

What tract ascends and ends in the medulla?

A

Posterior column

99
Q

What posterior column ascends from the lower limb?

A

Gracile fascicules

100
Q

What posterior column ascends from the upper limb?

A

Cuneate fasciculus

101
Q

What tract carries pain and temperature sensation to the thalamus?

A

Spinothalamic tract

102
Q

What is a fast, involuntary, unplanned sequence of actions that occurs in response to a particular stimulus?

A

Reflex

103
Q

A spinal reflex takes place where?

A

The spinal cord, gray matter.

104
Q

Where does a cranial reflex occur?

A

The brain stem.

105
Q

An example of the cranial reflex is….

A

Tracking movement of your eyes.

106
Q

What is the reflex associated with the contraction of skeletal muscles?

A

Somatic reflexes

107
Q

What reflex is associated with the response of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands?

A

Autonomic reflexes

108
Q

What is a reflex?

A

A neural pathway followed by nerve impulses that produce a reflex.

109
Q

What are the five functional components of a reflux?

A 
Sensory Receptor
Sensory neuron
Integrating center
Motor Neuron
Effector
110
Q

What is an effector?

A

The part of the body that responds to the motor nerve impulse, such as a muscle or gland.

111
Q

What is the integrating center?

A

A single synapse between a sensory neuron and a motor neuron.

Systemic Anatomy Unit 2 (6 decks)

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