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Systemic Anatomy Unit 2 > Brain and Cranial Nerves > Flashcards

Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four major parts of the adult brain?

A

Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brain Stem

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2
Q

What makes up the brain stem?

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla Oblongata

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3
Q

What are the two layers of dura mater that cover the brain?

A

Periosteal Dura

Meningeal Dura

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4
Q

What are the dural reflections?

A

Falx cerebri

Tentorium cerebelli

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5
Q

How is cerebrospinal fluid created?

A

Produced by choroid plexus within the ventricles.

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6
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Clear, colorless liquid.

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7
Q

What is cerebrospinal fluid absorbed by?

A

Arachnoid granulations into blood of superior sagittal sinus.

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8
Q

What is the purpose of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

Provides buoyancy, protection, and chemical stability.

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9
Q

What is the chorioid plexus?

A

Spongy mass of capillaries covered by ependymal cells.

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10
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

Neurogila cells that line the entire surface of the ventricles and the canals of the brain and spinal cord.

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11
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

Largest part of the brain, develops from the forebrain

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12
Q

What is the Diencephalon?

A

Superior part of the brain stem, consists of thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus.

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13
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

Posterior to the brain stem and develops from the hind brain.

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14
Q

What cranial meninges layer adheres to the skull?

A

Periosteal layer

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15
Q

What separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum,?

A

Falx Cerebri

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16
Q

What separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum?

A

Tentorium Cerebelli

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17
Q

What are ventricles?

A

There are four cavities within the brain, filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

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18
Q

What does the blood brain barrier consist of?

A

Tight junctions
Thick basement membrane
Astrocytes

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19
Q

How do astrocytes help maintain the permeability of the blood brain barrier?

A

They press up against capillaries.

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20
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

A region of gray matter that forms the outer rim of the cerebrum.

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21
Q

The folds of the brain are called?

A

Gyri

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22
Q

The deepest grooves between the folds are called what?

A

Fissures

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23
Q

The shallower grooves between the folds are called what?

A

Sulci

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24
Q

What connects the two hemispheres of the brain?

A

Corpus callosum

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25
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebrum?

A

Frontal
Parietal
Temporal
Occipital

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26
Q

What separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe?

A

Central Sulcus

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27
Q

What contains the primary motor area?

A

The precentral gyrus, located immediately anterior to the central sulcus.

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28
Q

What contains the primary somatosensory area?

A

The post central gyrus, located immediately posterior to the central sulcus.

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29
Q

What separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe?

A

Lateral Cerebral sulcus

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30
Q

What separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe?

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

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31
Q

What is the association tract?

A

Contains axons that conduct nerve impulses between gyro in the SAME hemisphere.

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32
Q

What is the commissural tract?

A

Contains axons that conduct nerve impulses from fyi in one cerebral hemisphere to corresponding gyro in the other cerebral hemisphere.

33
Q

What are examples of a Commissural tract?

A

Corpus Callosum
Anterior Commissure
Posterior commissure

34
Q

What is the projection tract?

A

Contains axons that conduct nerve impulses form the cerebrum to lower parts of the CNS.

35
Q

Describe the functions of the primary somatosensory area

A

Each point within the area receives impulses from a specific part of the body. Receives nerve impulses for touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle, temperature, pain and proprioception.

36
Q

This area is located at the posterior part of the temporal lobe and is involved in auditory perception.

A

Primary visual area

37
Q

What area is located in the superior part of the temporal lobe and is involved in auditory perception?

A

Primary auditory area

38
Q

What area is located at the base of the post central gyrus superior to the lateral cerebral sulcus in the parietal cortex, receives impulses for taste?

A

Primary Gustatory Area

39
Q

What area is located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe?

A

Primary olfactory area

40
Q

What are the functions of the left hemisphere?

A

Receives senses and controls muscles on the right side of body
Reasoning
Numerical and scientific skills
Ability to use and understand sign language.
Spoken and written language.

41
Q

What are the functions of the right hemisphere?

A

Receives senses and controls muscles on the left side of body
Musical and artistic awareness
Space and pattern perception
Face recognition and interpretation of facial expressions
Emotional content of language
Odor discrimination

42
Q

Parkinson’s disease affects what neurons?

A

Dopamine releasing neurons

43
Q

Where are the neurons in Parkinson’s disease affected?

A

Affects the neurons that extend from the substantial nigra to the putamen and caudate nucleus.

44
Q

What parts of the brain degenerate in Huntington’s disease?

A

It is an inherited disorder that affects the caudate nucleus and putamen degenerate.

45
Q

What neurotransmitters are lost in Huntington’s disease?

A

Loss of GABA or acetylcholine.

Results in rapid jerky movements, involuntary, and progressive mental deterioration also occurs.

46
Q

What is Tourette syndrome?

A

Involuntary body movement and unnecessary sounds or words.

47
Q

What neurotransmitter is increased in schizophrenia?

A

Dopamine

48
Q

What are symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Causes delusions, distortions and hallucinations.

49
Q

What is Obsessive-compulsive disorder?

A

Repetitive though that cause repetitive behaviors that they feel obligated to perform.

50
Q

Where are the basal nuclei located?

A

They lie side by side, just lateral to the thalamus.

51
Q

What is the lentiform nucleus divided into?

A

Globus Pallidus, closer to thalamus

Putamen, closer to the cerebral cortex.

52
Q

What is the term referring to the striated appearance of the internal capsule?

A

Corpus striatum

53
Q

What does the corpus striatum consist of?

A

Lentiform and caudate nuclei.

54
Q

What is the function of the Basal Nuclei?

A

To regulate initiation and termination of movements. Also control subconscious contractions of skeletal muscles such as automatic arm swings while walking.

55
Q

What is another name for the basal nuclei?

A

Basal Ganglia

56
Q

What is a cortical area that is not primary called?

A

Association cortex

57
Q

Which region is the first to receive input for sense?

A

Primary Sensory Cortex

58
Q

What part of the diencephalon controls the ANS?

A

Hypothalamus

59
Q

Cranial Nerve I is what

A

Olfactory

60
Q

Cranial Nerve II is what

A

Optic

61
Q

Cranial Nerve III is what

A

Oculomotor

62
Q

Cranial Nerve IV is what

A

Trochlear

63
Q

Cranial Nerve V is what

A

Trigeminal

64
Q

Cranial Nerve VI is what

A

Abducens

65
Q

Cranial Nerve VII is what

A

Facial

66
Q

Cranial Nerve VIII is what

A

Vestibulocochlear

67
Q

Cranial Nerve IX is what

A

Glossopharyngeal

68
Q

Cranial Nerve X is what

A

Vagus

69
Q

Cranial Nerve XI is what

A

Spinal Accessory

70
Q

Cranial Nerve XII is what

A

Hypoglossal

71
Q

What part of the brain is associated with comparing intended movement with what is actually happening to coordinate skilled movements?

A

Cerebellum

72
Q

In the pons, _____ matter tracts pass through it to the ______, ______, and ______.

A

White

Cerebrum, Cerebellum, and Medulla

73
Q

Which part of the brain is associated with the production of hormones?

A

Hypothalamus

74
Q

What does not cross the blood brain barrier?

A

Proteins and antibiotic drugs

75
Q

What substance requires active transport through the blood brain barrier?

A

Glucose

76
Q

What is easily crossable for the blood brain barrier?

A

Lipid soluble like O2, CO2, alcohol and anesthetic agents

77
Q

What cells have several short dendrites but no axon and do local processing of sensory info?

A

Stellate cells

78
Q

What cells are triangles shaped with an apex pointing to brain surface?

A

Pyramidal cells

Systemic Anatomy Unit 2 (6 decks)

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