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Nervous System > Spinal cord > Flashcards

Spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

3 major properties of neurons

A
  • Excitability
  • Conductivity
  • Secretion
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2
Q

Functional classes of neurons and their locations

A

Sensory (afferent) –> PNS
Interneurons –> CNS
Motor (efferent) –> PNS

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3
Q

Structural classes of neurons

A

Multipolar –> one axon lots of dendrites
Bipolar –> it has two extensions
Unipolar –> only one outgrowth
Anaxonic –> function is performed by the body, seen in embryos

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4
Q

Reflex arc

  • definition
  • characteristics
A
  • Reaction to a stimulus which is controlled by the nervous system
  • includes the sensory and motor part, unconscious
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5
Q

Reflex arc

-pathway (7)

A
  1. skin receptors
  2. dendrites of sensory neurons
  3. body of sensory neurons
  4. axon send it to the spinal cord
  5. interneuron
  6. motor neuron
  7. reaction is caused
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6
Q

Myelin sheath formation

  • in the PNS
  • in the CNS
A
  • by Schwann cells (explain), myelin spirals outwards as it is laid down
  • by Oligodendrocytes (explain), myelin spirals inwards towards the axon.
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7
Q

Types and synapses and characteristics

A
  • Chemical (inhibitory and excitatory): slower, more sophisticated, uses chemical messengers, inhibition is possible.
  • Electrical (gap junctions): no neurotransmitters, it is faster, only electrical signals, ion flow.
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8
Q

Neural circuits

-names

A
  • diverging
  • converging
  • reverberating
  • parallel- after discharge
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9
Q

Diverging and Converging neural circuits

-characteristics

A

Diverging: one cells receives the info and transmits it to 3,6… Signal becomes stronger. Ex: eyes

Converging: lots of cells get the info and sends it to only one cell. Ex: pain

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10
Q

Reverberating and Parallel after discharge neural circuits

-characteristics

A

Reverberating: once the cell gets the info, it is transmitted to another circuit and it keeps repeating. Ex: breathing.

Parallel after- discharge: stimulus has different ways to reach the cell, one is faster and the other is slower. Ex: short- term memory

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11
Q

Composition of gray and white matter

A

Gray –> contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites and unmyelinated axons.

White –> aggregation of myelinated and unmyelinated axons

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12
Q

Meaning of

  • nerve cell bodies in the CNS and PNS
  • Nerve fibers in the CNS and PNS
A

CNS: nucleus
PNS: ganglion

CNS: tract
PNS: nerves

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13
Q

Stages of formation of the Nervous System (4)

A
  1. Ectoderm thickens and forms neural plate
  2. Plate folds inwards and forms neural crest
  3. Neural fold
  4. Neural tube
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14
Q

Stages of formation of the brain

A
  1. Neural tube closes
  2. Bulges forms
  3. 1 vesicle
  4. 3 vesicles
  5. 5 vesicles
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15
Q

Name of the 3 vesicles formed during brain development

  • their name
  • what they will form later on
A
  • Prosencephalon: telencephalon and diencephalon
  • Mesencephalon: mid- brain
  • Rhombencephalon: metencephalon and myencephalon
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16
Q

Name of the 5 vesicles formed during brain development

  • their name
  • what they will form later on
A
  • Telencephalon: cerebral hemisphere
  • Diencephalon: thalamus, hypothalamus
  • Mesencephalon
  • Myencephalon: medulla oblongata
  • Metencephalon: pons and cerebellum
17
Q

Spinal cord goes until level of vertebra…

  • in adults
  • in new borns
A
  • L1

- L3

18
Q

Location where the spinal cord meets the brain

A

Foramen magnum

19
Q

Vertebral levels at which lateral horn are present

A

C8-L1

S2-S4

20
Q

Name and location where the spinal cord is thicker

A

Intumescentia cervicalis –> thicker part at the cervical area.

Intumescentia lumbosacralis –> thicker part in the end (T11- S2)

21
Q

Two types of fibers in the muscles

A
  • Contractive fibers

- Intra- fusial fibers –> smaller, for maintenance of the muscle tone. Gamma neurons maintain it

22
Q

Appearance of spinal cord in different levels

A
  • Cervical: biggest, lots of white matter
  • Thoracic: lateral horns are present, not big
  • Lumbar: lots of gray matter
  • Sacral: smallest, lots of gray matter
23
Q

Consequences if:

  • there is damaged to the cervical segment
  • there is damaged to the thoracic segment
  • there is damaged to the lumbar segment
A
  • full paralysis (worst place)
  • arms move, trunk moves partially, loss of sensation in the legs
  • legs will be damaged, depending on the level
24
Q

What happens if there is a loss of connection between the brain and the spinal cord?

A

Voluntary movement is impossible, reflexes still present

25
Q

Dermatome

A

Area in the body which is innervated by one clear pair of spinal nerves

26
Q

Stretch and Flexor reflex

A

Stretch: increase muscle tension in response to stretch. Serves to maintain equilibrium and posture. Monosynaptic

Flexor: contraction of flexor muscles resulting in withdraw of a limb from an injurious stimulus.

27
Q

Motor nuclei are in the dorsal or ventral horn?

A

Ventral

28
Q

Number of segments in the spinal cord and names

A

31 segments

8 cervical 
12 thoracic 
5 lumbar 
5 sacral 
1-3 coccygeal
29
Q

Why are sensory nuclei at the dorsal horn?

A

1st sensory neuron it is in the spinal ganglion, but it’s axon can go to another sensory nucleus which may be in the dorsal horn

30
Q

Afferent and Efferent fibers

-classification

A

A: carry sensory signals from receptors to the CNS

E: carry motor signals from the CNS to effectors

31
Q

GSA, GVA

-meaning

A
  • general somatic afferent fibers (receptors for pain and temperature)
  • general visceral afferent fibers

-sensory fibers that enter the spinal cord through the posterior/ dorsal root

32
Q

GSE, GVE

-meaning

A
  • general somatic efferent fibers (innervated skeletal muscle)
  • general visceral efferent fibers (preganglionic autonomic fibers)

-motor fibers that exit the spinal cord through the ventral/ anterior root

33
Q

Important nuclei and the group they belong to

A

GSA: intermedio- medialis, proprius, thoracicus

GVE: intermedio- lateralis, forms lateral horns

34
Q

Cauda equina

-definition

A

bundles of spinal nerves that branch off the bottom of the spinal cord

Nervous System (5 decks)

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