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human physiology and exercise > spinal cord > Flashcards

spinal cord Flashcards

1
Q

what is gray matter?

A
  • part of CNS that are abundant in cell bodies of neurons> axons
  • unmyelinated
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2
Q

what is white matter?

A
  • axons that carry info up and down
  • myelinated
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3
Q

what is the structure of spinal cord?

A

cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5) , coccyx (4)

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4
Q

describe cross section of spinal cord

A
  • white matter surrounds gray matter
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5
Q

what does ventral horn contain ? what does this allow?

A
  • motor neurons so stimulation causes movement
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6
Q

how does info travel in ventral horn?

A
  • info travels down ventral roots
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7
Q

what happens in dorsal horn?

A
  • sensory information is localised
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8
Q

where does info travel in dorsal horn?

A
  • travels down dorsal roots
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9
Q

what is the intermediate zone? what does it contain?

A
  • contains interneurons which intergrate info
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10
Q

what is the relationship between body regions known as?

A
  • somatotopy
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11
Q

what does the lateral descending system contain?

A
  • corticospinal and rubrospinal tracts
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12
Q

what is the purpose of corticospinal fibres?

A
  • influence movement of every body part
  • useful for individual finger use
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13
Q

what do rubrospinal fibres compensate for?

A
  • loss of descending corticospinal input
  • can’t compensate its ability to use fingers individually
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14
Q

where are lateral descending system fibres found and what movement does it influence?

A
  • fibres found in dorsolateral part
  • influences lateral muscular movement
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15
Q

what does medial descending system consist of?

A
  • vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tracts
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16
Q

what is vestibulospinal tract involved in?

A
  • retains balance when body is moved
  • external disturbance
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17
Q

what is reticulospinal tract involved in?

A
  • retains posture and balance during own volitional movements
  • internal disturbance
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18
Q

where are the fibres in medial descending system found and what does it influence?

A
  • fibres found in ventro- medial white matter
  • influences medial muscles
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19
Q

why is the vestibulospinal tract important?

A
  • maintenance of balance
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20
Q

what is reticulospinal tract important for?

A

posture

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21
Q

what is the medial lemniscus ascending pathway? what info?

A
  • carries sensory info from joint and skin
  • info about fine touch, vibration, 2 point discrimination, proprioception
22
Q

what is the spinothalamic ascending pathway?

A
  • conveys sensory info about crude touch, pain and temperature
23
Q

what does the position of spine determine?

A
  • what part of body each nerve serves
24
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there and how is size determined?

A
  • 31 pairs
  • determined by how many muscles served
25
Q

what is the two point discrimination?

A
  • ability to recognise that two objects are touching you
26
Q

what is a motor unit?

A
  • neurone and the fibres they contract
27
Q

how are muscles controlled?

A

motor pools of neurons

28
Q

how many fibres can a single neuron innervate?

A

many fibres

29
Q

how many neurons used for fine movements?

A

many neurons used

30
Q

why are hands and feet special?

A
  • highly innervated
  • areas have enlarged spinal nerves
31
Q

how is info coded in sensory system?

A
  • firing frequency codes for intensity
32
Q

what does intensity of stimulus determine?

A
  • size of receptor potential and frequency of action potential
33
Q

what code is used by motor neurons?

A

rate code = signals amount of force exerted by a muscle

34
Q

what is the dorsal root ganglion?

A
  • cell bodies of incoming sensory neurons lie outside the spine in a series of ganglion
  • unlike motor neurons as cell bodies in ventral horn
35
Q

what is a dermatome?

A
  • area of a skin supplied by nerves from single spinal root
36
Q

compare single action potentials to multiple action potentials

A
  • single APs produce single twitches
  • multiple APs occur in quick succession; force in muscle builds up
37
Q

what is maximal contraction?

A
  • tetanic contraction where rate of muscle will be unable to contract further
  • muscles cannot relax between
38
Q

what are reflexes?

A
  • rapid automatic control of movement
  • little or no voluntary control
39
Q

what are the two types of reflexes with examples

A
  • simple e.g. spinal stretch reflex
  • complex e.g. swallowing
40
Q

what is reticular formation?

A
  • set of interconnected nuclei that are located through brainstem
41
Q

what are vestibular nuclei?

A
  • nuclei for vestibular system
  • located in brainstem
42
Q

what are Gnana cells?

A
  • tiny cells that contain neurons, involved in filtering information
43
Q

what are the three pathways of the cerebellum?

A
  • superior cerebellar peduncle, middle cerebellar peduncle and inferior cerebellar peduncle
44
Q

describe superior cerebellar peduncle path

A
  • efferent pathway to red nucleus and cortex via thalamus and sup colliculus
45
Q

describe middle cerebellar peduncle path

A
  • most fibres originate in pons, input from sensory, visual, vestibular and motor systems
46
Q

describe inferior cerebellar peduncle path

A
  • carries info to and from spinal cord and vestibular nuclei
47
Q

why does red nucleus appear pink?

A
  • due to blood vessels
48
Q

what does red nucleus receive?

A
  • large input from cerebellum and primary motor cortex
49
Q

what are the two basal ganglia pathways? what do they do?

A
  • direct pro- movement
  • indirect anti- movement
  • work in opposition
50
Q

what is the direct pathway in basal ganglia?

A
  • runs directly through; short loop has excitatory effect on cortex
  • net movement is pro- movement
51
Q

what is the indirect pathway of basal ganglia?

A
  • takes a longer loop that has inhibitory effect so anti- movement
52
Q

what does basal ganglia damage cause? give an example

A
  • states where there is too much/ too little movement
    Parkinson’s disease can’t trigger movement

human physiology and exercise (18 decks)

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