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human physiology and exercise > endocrine system > Flashcards

endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

what is the endocrine system? what does it consist of?

A
  • one of the major communication system
  • consists of glands and organs that secrete hormones
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2
Q

how many hormones can a single gland secrete?

A
  • multiple
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3
Q

what are hormones?

A
  • chemical messengers carried by blood to target cells
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4
Q

why are hormones released?

A
  • released by glands to elicit a response
  • enhance/ inhibit cellular reactions
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5
Q

what concentration are hormones present at?

A
  • low concentrations
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6
Q

what cell does a hormone effect?

A
  • only affects specific target cells even though a given hormone travels throughout the body in blood
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7
Q

what do hormones help regulate? (5)

A
  • chemical composition and volume of internal environment e.g. interstitial fluid
  • metabolism and energy balance
  • contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle fibres
  • glandular secretions
  • some immune system activities
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8
Q

what do hormones control?

A
  • growth and development
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9
Q

what are the other two roles of hormones?

A
  • regulate operation of reproductive system
  • helps establish circadian rhythm
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10
Q

what is the difference between endocrine system and nervous system?

A
  • endocrine involves chemical messengers whereas nervous system involves electrical conduit system
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11
Q

what is the time of action and the effects of endocrine system?

A
  • acts relatively more slow
  • often longer lasting effects
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12
Q

what is the time of action and the effects of nervous system?

A
  • instantaneous action (within Ms)
  • short lived effect = briefer
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13
Q

what are the mediator molecules and site of action of endocrine system?

A
  • hormones delivered to tissues throughout body by blood
  • site is far from site of release ; binds to receptors/ target cells
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14
Q

what are the mediator molecules and site of action of nervous system?

A
  • neurotransmitters released locally in response to nerve impulses
  • close to site of release; at synapse it binds to receptors in postsynaptic
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15
Q

what are the target cells of endocrine system?

A
  • cells throughout body
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16
Q

what are the target cells of the nervous system?

A
  • muscles (smooth, cardiac or skeletal), cells, glands, other neurons
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17
Q

what are the three structural classes of hormones?

A
  • amines, peptides/ proteins and steroids
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18
Q

what are amines derived from and secreted by?

A
  • derivatives of amino acid tyrosine
  • secreted by adrenal medulla/ hypothalamus
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19
Q

what are examples of amines?

A
  • thyroid hormones, dopamine, catecholamines
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20
Q

what are peptide hormones, are they common?

A
  • polypeptides are most common
  • many peptide hormones are synthesised as large, inactive molecules that are cleaved into active fragments
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21
Q

what is an example of a peptide hormone?

A
  • insulin
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22
Q

what are steroids produced by and where from?

A
  • produced from cholesterol by adrenal cortex and gonads
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23
Q

what are examples of steroids?

A
  • aldosterone, cortisol, androgens e.g. testosterone, oestrogens
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24
Q

what are peptide and all catecholamine hormones? how do they circulate?

A
  • water soluble
  • circulate dissolved in plasma
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25
Q

what do some peptide hormones bind to?

A
  • plasma proteins
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26
Q

how long does it take peptide hormones and catecholamines to be removed from blood?

A
  • rapid
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27
Q

where are receptors for water soluble peptide hormones and catecholamines?

A
  • on plasma membrane
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28
Q

what do peptide hormones and catecholamine exert in terms of actions?

A
  • rapid (nongenomic) and slower (gene transcription) on same target cell
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29
Q

how long does it take steroid and thyroid hormones to be removed from blood?

A
  • removed more slowly
  • as they circulate bound to plasma proteins
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30
Q

how do steroid and thyroid hormones circulate?

A
  • mainly bound to plasma proteins
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31
Q

where are majority of receptors for lipid soluble steroid and thyroid hormones? what do they affect?

A
  • inside target cells
  • affect cell function by altering gene expression
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32
Q

what are the major organs involved in removing hormones from plasma? how do they do this?

A
  • liver and kidney
  • metabolise or excretes them
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33
Q

describe what liver is used for

A
  • major organ responsible for metabolic inactivation (called metabolism or biotransformation)
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34
Q

describe what kidneys are used for

A
  • filter blood, remove waste products including hormones+ their metabolites
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35
Q

what are some hormones metabolised into?

A
  • more active molecules in their target cells or organs
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36
Q

what does responsiveness of a target cell to a hormone depend on? (3)

A
  • hormone’s concentration in blood
  • abundance of target cell’s hormone receptors
  • influences exerted by other hormones
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37
Q

what is permissive action? give examples

A
  • action of one hormone enhances the responsiveness or activity of another hormone
    e.g. epinephrine and thyroid hormones stimulation of lipolysis
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38
Q

what is synergistic action? what is an example

A
  • effect of two hormones acting together is greater or more extensive than one hormone acting on its own
    e.g. follicle- stimulating hormone and estrogens
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39
Q

what is antagonistic action? give an example

A
  • one hormone opposes the actions of another hormone
    e.g. insulin, glucagon
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40
Q

what regulates the secretion of many hormones?

A
  • negative feedback systems
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41
Q

what are the inputs that control hormone secretion?

A
  • plasma concentration of an ion or nutrient that the hormone regulates
  • neural input to endocrine cells
  • other hormones
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42
Q

what is an example of plasma concentration of an ion/ nutrient that the hormone regulates?

A
  • insulin secretion
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43
Q

describe neural input to endocrine cells ; ANS

A
  • autonomic nervous system controls hormone secretion via adrenal medulla and other endocrine glands
44
Q

what can also secrete hormones?

A
  • neurons in hypothalamus
45
Q

what is a tropic hormone? give an example

A
  • hormone that stimulates the secretion of another hormone
    e.g. thyroid- stimulating hormone or follicle- stimulating hormone
46
Q

what are the two types of glands in the body?

A
  • exocrine and endocrine
47
Q

what are exocrine glands?

A
  • secrete their products into duct e.g. sweat and intestines
48
Q

what are endocrine glands?

A
  • ductless and release hormones into blood
49
Q

why do disorders of endocrine system vary considerably?

A
  • wide variety of hormones and endocrine glands
50
Q

what is too little hormones referred to as? give an example

A
  • hyposecretion
    e.g. type 1 diabetes
51
Q

what is too much hormone referred to as? give an example

A
  • hypersecretion
    e.g. gigantism
52
Q

what is the decreased resposiveness of target cells to hormone know as? what is an example?

A
  • hyporesponsiveness
    type 2 diabetes
53
Q

what is an increased responsiveness of the target cells to hormone called?
give an example

A
  • hyperresponsiveness
    e.g. elevated heart rate due to increased circulating levels of thyroid hormone
54
Q

what can hormones be used for?

A
  • pharmalogical administration of hormones for medical purposes
55
Q

what can hormones result in?

A
  • supraphysiological concentrations and effects not typically observed with at physiological concentrations
56
Q

what is an example of a medicine containing cortisol?

A
  • corticosteroids are administered to suppress allergens and inflammation
57
Q

what is the risk of experiencing side effects depending on? (4)

A
  • type of steroid ( oral= act systematically so more likely)
  • does
  • length of treatment
  • age of patient (child/ older adults)
58
Q

where are hormones synthesised?

A
  • hypothalamus
59
Q

where do axons pass down and terminate?

A
  • axons pass down infundibulum
  • terminate in posterior pituitary and release hormones
60
Q

what does the anterior pituitary gland secrete?

A
  • growth hormone, thryoid- stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, prolactin and two gonadotropic hormones- follicle- stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
61
Q

what is secretion of anterior pituitary gland controlled by? how are the connected?

A
  • hypophysiotropic hormones from hypothalamus via portal vessels connecting hypothalamus and anterior pituitary gland
62
Q

what does negative feedback do?

A
  • inhibits hormonal response
63
Q

where is the thyroid gland?

A
  • sits within the neck in front of trachea
64
Q

what effects do thyroid hormones have on the body? give an example

A
  • diverse and widespread effect
    e.g. protein synthesis in follicular epithelial cells, increases DNA replication and cell division
65
Q

what does thyroid gland produce?

A
  • thyroxine ( T4= 4 iodine’s) and triiodothyronine (T3)
66
Q

what is the major thyroid hormone ?

A
  • T3 as T4 converted to T3 in target tissues via enzymes
67
Q

what is thyroid- stimulating hormone production controlled by?

A
  • negative feedback action of T3 and T4 on anterior pituitary gland and to lesser extent, the hypothalamus
68
Q

what does TSH cause? what can excessive exposure cause?

A
  • hypertrophy of thyroid tissue
  • excessive exposure of thyroid gland to TSH can cause goiter
69
Q

what is increased T3 and T4 associated with?

A
  • increased oxidative substrate metabolism and mitochondrial enzyme activity = increased carb and lipid metabolism
70
Q

what is T3 required for? why is it important

A
  • normal production of growth hormone from anterior pituitary gland
  • important developmental hormone for NS
71
Q

what is cortisol secretion mediated by?

A
  • hypothalamus- anterior pituitary gland system
72
Q

what does cortisol affect in non- stressful situations?

A
  • responsiveness of smooth muscle cells to epinephrine and norepinephrine (permissive)
  • helps maintain normal blood pressure
73
Q

what does cortisol maintain and what are the other functions?

A
  • maintains enzyme conc. involved in metabolism homeostasis to prevent plasma glucose conc. dropping
  • anti- inflammatory and anti- immune functions
74
Q

when is cortisol the highest?

A
  • around 9am
75
Q

how is metabolism affected in stressful situations ? (4)

A
  • stimulation of protein catabolism in bone, lymph, muscle
  • stimulation of liver uptake of amino acids- glucose (gluconeogenesis)
  • maintenance of plasma glucose conc.
  • stimulation of triglyceride catabolism in adipose tissue, with release of glycerol and fatty acids into blood
76
Q

what does cortisol enhance in stressful situations?

A
  • enhanced vascular reactivity
  • improves cardiovascular performance
77
Q

what protective effects does cortisol have?

A
  • unidentified protective effects against damaging influences of stress
78
Q

what does cortisol inhibit in stressful situations?

A
  • inflammation and specific immune responses
  • nonessential functions e.g. reproduction and growth
79
Q

what do massages decrease?

A
  • circulating cortisol levels
80
Q

how do massages support recovery? (3)

A
  • increased cortisol at rest inhibits immune system
  • inhibits inflammatory response
  • decreases capillary permeability in inured areas
81
Q

how is the stress response a combination of endocrine system and nervous system working together?

A
  • sympathetic nervous system is activated, triggering release of epinephrine
  • at same time, endocrine system releases cortisol from adrenal glands
82
Q

what effects does cortisol have on epinephrine?

A
  • synergistic effect
83
Q

what is the net result of cortisol in stressful situations? (3)

A
  • faster breakdown of fuel stores
  • larger increase in cardiac function
  • bigger increase in ventilation
84
Q

what four hormones are most important for human growth?

A

-growth hormone, insulin- like growth factors 1 and 2
- T3 (childhood/ adolescent)
- insulin (fetal life)
- testosterone and estradiol

85
Q

what effects do hormones involved in growth have?

A
  • widespread effects
86
Q

what is growth hormone the major stimulus of?

A
  • postnatal growth
87
Q

what does growth hormone stimulate?

A
  • release of IGF-1 from liver and other cells; acts locally to stimulate cell division
88
Q

how else can growth hormones act?

A
  • directly on cells to stimulate protein synthesis
89
Q

when is growth hormone secretion highest?

A
  • during adolescence
90
Q

what is growth hormone secretion stimulated and inhibited by?

A
  • stimulated by growth hormone- releasing hormone (GHRH)
  • inhibited by somatostatin (SST)
91
Q

where is testosterone produced in males?

A
  • produced by testes
92
Q

where are the small quantities of testosterone in women produced from?

A
  • ovaries and adrenal cortex
  • peripheral conversion of androgens
93
Q

what does testosterone promote?

A
  • muscle growth
  • development of male sex characteristics
94
Q

where is oestrogen and progestogen produced from in females?

A
  • produced by ovaries
95
Q

where else can oestrogens be produced from in post- menopausal females?

A
  • produced in smaller amounts by other tissues e.g. liver, pancreas, bone, adrenal glands, skin, brain, breast
96
Q

how is estrogen produced in males?

A
  • when FSH binds to FSH receptors
97
Q

what does oestrogen and progestogen promote?

A
  • development of female sex characteristics
  • regulates menstrual cycle and adipose tissue growth
98
Q

what do oestrogens also promote?

A
  • endothelia function
  • protective effects
99
Q

what is DHEA?

A
  • dehydroepiandrosterone
100
Q

where is DHEA and its sulfates (DHEAS) produced from?

A
  • adrenal cortex
101
Q

what are the roles of DHEAS (2)

A
  • precursors for sex hormones e.g. testosterone
  • affect various systems of body - purported to be anti- ageing
102
Q

when does DHEA production peak?

A
  • at age 20-30
  • declines progressively with age
103
Q

how does DHEA increase?

A
  • following low and moderate intensity exercise
  • doesn’t increase in older adults
104
Q

describe oestrogen containing hormone replacement therapy benefits

A
  • maintains muscle mass and prevents fat infiltration into muscle compartment
105
Q

what are exercise and hormone replacement therapy considered?

A
  • counteractive treatments ; age- related changes in muscle phenotype
106
Q

what does testosterone containing hormone replacement therapy help?

A
  • preserves muscle tissue
  • offset age- related muscle loss rather than cause significant gains
107
Q

what hormones increase post exercise and what does this promote?

A
  • androgens and testosterone
  • helps promote anabolic processes

human physiology and exercise (18 decks)

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