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human physiology and exercise > control of breathing > Flashcards

control of breathing Flashcards

1
Q

how is involuntary ventilation controlled?

A
  • respiratory muscles are controlled by the CNS
  • involved brainstem, especially the medulla
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2
Q

how is voluntary ventilation controlled?

A
  • hyperventilation, holding breath, speaking and swallowing
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3
Q

where does voluntary ventilation occur?

A
  • upper pons
  • pneumatix centre
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4
Q

what does the pneumatix centre modulate and what does centre act on?

A
  • modulates apneustic centre (lower pons)
  • acts on respiratory rhythmicity centre
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5
Q

what happens when the apneustic centre is activated?

A
  • acts to inhibit the respiratory centre
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6
Q

what respiratory group is involved in expiration?

A
  • ventral
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7
Q

what respiratory group is involved in inspiration?

A
  • dorsal
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8
Q

what are the two examples of protective interruption of respiratory rhythm ?

A
  • slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors
  • rapidly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors
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9
Q

what is the reflex involved in slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors called and what does it initiate?

A
  • Hering- Breuer Reflex
  • initiates a signal inhibiting inspiration
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10
Q

where are slowly adapting pulmonary stretch receptors located and when are they active?

A
  • located within airway smooth muscle
  • active when tidal volume reaches physical limitations of lung expansion
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11
Q

where are rapidly pulmonary stretch receptors found?

A
  • dense in trachea and large airways
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12
Q

what do rapid pulmonary stretch receptors respond to and what do they initiate?

A
  • respond to smoke, inhaled particles and cold air
  • initiates reflex such as coughing and sneezing> stops bronchoconstriction
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13
Q

what do peripheral chemoreceptors detect ?

A
  • detect change in chemical composition in blood
  • responsive to oxygen but also react to C02 and acidity
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14
Q

where are peripheral chemoreceptors found and are they accessible?

A
  • found in carotid bodies and aortic arch
  • easily accessible receptors
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15
Q

what happens when low pp02 is detected and where are signals sent?

A
  • potassium channels in membrane close so cell becomes depolarised
  • voltage gated calcium channels open so exocytosis of dopamine vesicles
  • signal to medullary centres to increase ventilation
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16
Q

what do central chemoreceptors respond to and what can cross the blood- brain barrier?

A
  • respond to changes in ppC02 via changes in conc. of H+
  • only C02 can cross the barrier and enter
17
Q

describe control by Pa02

A
  • decrease level of 02 only effects peripheral chemoreceptors
18
Q

when does ventilation increase substantially?

A
  • when arterial 02 reaches a value of 60mmHg
19
Q

describe control by PaC02

A
  • both central and peripheral chemoreceptors involved in response
  • central more important
20
Q

how is carbon dioxide a potent stimulus and what effects does it have?

A
  • exerts its effects with smaller deviations from normal values
21
Q

when can concentration of hydrogen ions stimulate breathing?

A
  • when its source is metabolic
  • independent of pC02
22
Q

how many stages are involved in the control of ventilation in steady state exercise?

A
  • three phases involved
23
Q

what occurs in phase I and what is this controlled by?

A
  • ventilation increases abruptly, in first breath after exercise has started
  • controlled by neural mechanisms
24
Q

what happens during phase II?

A
  • ventilation increases gradually
25
Q

what happens during phase III and what is this controlled by?

A
  • steady state is achieved so plateaus
  • controlled by chemical mechanisms
26
Q

what is hyperventilation?

A
  • when the metabolic rate stays the same but breath faster than what is needed
27
Q

what is the paradox of ventilation?

A
  • no clear stimulation that increases ventilation
  • ventilation is closely matched to metabolic rate
28
Q

what happens by the time blood is sampled by chemoreceptors?

A
  • it has been restored
29
Q

what drives the increase in exercise induced ventilation in phase I?

A
  • neural mechanisms (muscle afferents, central command, learnt response)
30
Q

what drives the increase in exercise induced ventilation in phase II and III?

A
  • chemical mechanisms (PC02 and H+, plasma K+, temperature, metabolic rate
31
Q

what information is needed to calculate metabolic rate?

A
  • requires info on 02 consumption and how much C02 is produced

human physiology and exercise (18 decks)

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