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human physiology and exercise > brain > Flashcards

brain Flashcards

1
Q

why is the brain remarkable?

A
  • bigger than average for our size of body
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2
Q

how heavy is an average human brain?

A
  • 1.5kg
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3
Q

is there a relationship between brain size and intelligence?

A

no- cows have the same size brain as a chimp

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4
Q

what happens in most animals when brains get bigger? what animal does this not include

A

neurons get bigger but in primates neuron size remains the same= more neurons can fit in

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5
Q

how many neurons are in the brain?

A
  • 86 billion ; 80% in cerebellum
  • each neuron connected directly w/ around 10,000 others
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6
Q

how much of cardiac output is directed to the brain?

A
  • 15-20 %
  • cells consume large amounts of glucose
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7
Q

what is the advantage of having a big brain ?

A
  • allows for more complex motor behaviours
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8
Q

what makes up the brainstem?

A
  • medulla
  • pons
  • cerebellum
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9
Q

what does medulla control?

A
  • cardiac function, respiration and reflexes
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10
Q

what do pons contain and describe its role

A
  • contains nuclei that relay signals from forebrain to cerebellum
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11
Q

what is cerebellum responsible for?

A

balance and helps with coordination

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12
Q

what is cerebrum involved in?

A
  • volitional movements
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13
Q

what makes up the midbrain?

A
  • tectum
  • substance nigra
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14
Q

what is tectum involving?

A
  • movement in response to external stimuli
  • rapid orientation of head and neck
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15
Q

what does substancia nigra produce?

A
  • dopamine
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16
Q

what may result if substancia nigra is damaged?

A
  • parkinsons
17
Q

what is the spinal cord responsible for?

A
  • automatic movements
18
Q

where are the two parts of dienchaphelon found and what are they?

A
  • found at bottom of forebrain
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
19
Q

what does the thalamus do?

A
  • takes info from periphery and passes it to cortex
20
Q

what do hypothalamus regulate?

A
  • hormones
21
Q

what is the series of interconnected nuclei?

A
  • basal ganglia
  • found in cerebrum
22
Q

what is the cerebral cortex?

A
  • found outside of the cerebrum
  • highly folded containing 6 layers of cells
23
Q

what is the cerebral cortex important for ? (7)

A
  • movement
  • attention
  • perception
  • consciousness
  • thought
  • language
  • memory
24
Q

what are the folds in the brain called?

A
  • gyri
25
Q

what are the grooves in the brain called?

A
  • sulci
26
Q

what is the cortical control of movement?

A
  • consists of 4 lobes; frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital
27
Q

what is found in the frontal lobe ?

A
  • primary motor cortex, premotor cortex and prefrontal cortex
28
Q

what does the primary motor cortex code for ?

A

basic parameters of movement e.g. force, speed

29
Q

how long before movement does primary motor cortex fire?

A

5 to 100ms before

30
Q

what does pre- motor cortex code for ? give examples

A
  • more complex aspects of movement
  • planning movement, spatial guidance
31
Q

what does supplementary motor area code for ? give example

A
  • other complex movements
  • coordination sequence of actions
32
Q

what is found in parietal lobe?

A
  • somatosensory cortex
33
Q

what does sensory cortex code for?

A
  • touch, vibration, heat, pain and pressure
34
Q

what is the ability to recognise position of joint?

A
  • joint position sense
35
Q

what is the ability to recognise joint movement?

A
  • kinaesthesia
36
Q

what is the ability to appreciate and recognise force generated?

A
  • sensation of resistance
37
Q

what is found in temporal lobe?

A
  • auditory cortex
38
Q

what is found in occipital lobe?

A
  • visual cortex

human physiology and exercise (18 decks)

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